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8 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
State whether the lumen of the small intestine is technically inside or outside of the body.
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The lumen is technically outside the body b/c it has not crossed the lining of the digestive tract.
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Describe why the many folds, the villi, & microvilli are important & be familiar w/ how specific nutrients are absorbed across the intestinal epithelium & across the capillary or lacteal wall.
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The folds,villi,& microvilli are important b/c they greatly increase the rate of nutrient absorption. Nutrients are absorbed across the intestinal epithelium & then across the unicellular epithelium of the capillaries or lacteals. In some cases, transport of nutrients across the epithelial cells is passive.
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Explain where in the digestive tract that most absorption of digested material occurs & where most reabsorption of water occurs.
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Most of the absorption of digested material occurs in the small intestine.Most reabsorption of water occurs in the colon.
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Explain what the main source of vitamin k is for humans.
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Green vegetables & tea.
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Fat-soluable vitamins
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Give examples of vertebrates with the following digestive adaptations & explain how these adaptations are related to diet: variation in dentition,in the length of the digestive tract, & fermentation chambers.
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1)Variation in dentition-Herbivores,carnivores,& omnivores.This adaptation is related to diet b/c teeth are for processing different kinds of food.
2)Length of the digestion tract-Herbivores & omnivores have longer alimentary canals relative to their body size than carnivores.Vegetation is more difficult to digest than meat b/c it contains cell walls.A longer tract gives more time for digestion & more SA for absorption of nutrients. 3)Fermentation Chambers-Rabbits & rodents eat animals' feces that carry nourishing by-products of fermentation.They recover these nutrients by passing the food throught the alimentary canal a second time. |
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Define BMR, explain how it is measured, & explain the relationship b/w BMR & body size.
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BMR-the metabolic rate of a resting,fasting,& nonstressed endotherm.To measure BMR, one breathes through an apparatus that measures how much oxygen their body uses in a given time period, and that number is converted to calories burned.The relationship b/w metabolic rate & size is still unclear.
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Explain the effect of undernourishment or starvation and distinguish b/w malnourished and undernourished.
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The effects of undernouishment is that the stores of glycogen & fat are used up, the body begins breaking down its own proteins for fuel, muscles begin to decrease in size & the brain can become protein-deficient.
Undernourished is if the diet of a human or other animal is chronically deficient in calories. Malnourished is an animal whose diet is missing one or more essential nutrients. |
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List the 4 classes of essential nutrients, describe the dietary sources of these nutrients, and be familiar w/ their major body functions and effects of deficiency for these nutrients.
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1)essential amino acids(meat,cheese,eggs)Makes proteins & the effects of deficiency are being retarded in physical & mental development.
2)essential fatty acids(animals make their own except for linoleic acid)deficiency is rare. 3)vitamins(water-soluble & fat-soluble)Function in key metabolic processes & production of connective tissue.Vitamin deficiency is severe. 4)minerals(humans & other veterbrates require large amounts of calcium & phosphorus for the construction & maintance of bone & normal function of nerves & muscles)Excess minerals can upset the homeo static balance & cause toxic side effects. |
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