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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Structure |
Form relates to function |
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Surface Area : Volume Ratio |
- SA/V - Smaller animals have larger ratio - Process that requires high ratio? - Any type of exchange - Digestion - Thermoregulation |
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Tissue |
- 4 types (epithelial, connective, muscle & nerve) - structure tells the function - group of cells with common structure & function
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Epithelial Tissues |
- Function: barrier to mechanical disturbance, absorption & secretion - Structure: sheets of tightly packed cells, closely joined, tight junctions - Types: simple cuboidal stratified + columnar squamous - Examples: skin, lining of all hollow tubes, glands, alveoli |
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Connective Tissues |
- Function: bind & support, connect, shock absorber - Structure: sparse cells embedded in extracellular matrix (liquid, jelly or solid) - Types: loose connective, cartilage, adipose, bone, fibrous connective, blood - Examples: see types |
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Muscle Tissues |
- Function: Locomotive/motion, heat production - Structure: myofibrils -> muscle fibers - Types: Skeletal - Voluntary (striated) Smooth - Involuntary (no striation) Cardiac - involuntary (striated) - Example: Skeletal: all major muscle group Smooth: intestines, pupil Cardiac: heart |
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Nervous Tissues |
- Function: Transmit info between cells, sense stimuli, coordinate activity, stimuli glands - Structure: cell body with nucleus & dendrites, axons - Types: TBA - Example: Brian, Spinal cord, optic nerve, peripheral nerves |
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Organs |
made up of several tissue types working together for a common function |
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Homeostasis |
- active maintenance of steady state conditions thru physio & behavioral feedback - what variables are regulated? (body temp, pH, hormone, osmolarity, blood sugar) - two types (conformers vs regulator)
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Conformers |
- maintain same fluid composition/status as environment - ex: cold blood |
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Regulator |
- internal fluid composition/status is different from environment - wider range of habitats |
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Interstitial Fluid |
bathers cell in body, 11 liters in human body |
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Homeostasis =/= Equilibrium |
- What's the difference? - active maintenance of setpoint vs state of balanced opposing forces, no net charge |
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OSMOTIC Regulator |
maintain a stable internal concentration of solutes |
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THERMAL Conformer |
allows body temperature to change with water temperature |
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Control Mechanism for Homeostasis |
- Receptor: detects change - Control Center: process info & direct response to effector - Effector: carries out response |
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Negative Feedback Loop |
-change in variable being monitored triggers control mechanism to counteract further change in same direction - ex: body temp, blood glucose, osmolarity - Positive Feedback : nervous system, child birth |
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Fluctuations from Homeostasis |
fever, exercise, hormones, puberty |
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Bioenergetics |
- flow of energy thru an animal - limits growth, behavior, influences basic ecology - link btwn physio & ecology - two main strategies (endotherm & ectotherm) |
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Metabolic Rate |
-total energy expenditure of an animal per unit time - How much energy does an animal use? - How do diff. groups use energy differently? - How can we measure energy animal needs? - Measure heat production - Influenced by body size, temp, time, hormones, oxygen availability, activity, reproduction & time since last meal |
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calorie |
amount of heat required to raise temp of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius |
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Direct Calorimetry |
- use to measure metabolic rate - measure heat given off by animal - energy expenditure & heat production directly related |
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Indirect Calorimetry |
- rate of O2 used - rate of CO2 produced - decrease in fat store across season - how much food is eaten |
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Endotherm |
- generate own heat - mammals, birds, some fish, sharks - higher metabolic rates - high maintenance costs - less energy devoted to growth & reproduction - able to live in cold environment - consistently high activity |
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Ectotherm |
- gain heat from environment - amphibians, reptiles, most fish, invertebrates - lower metabolic rate - low maintenance costs - more energy devoted to growth & reproduction - range constrained by climate - activity constrained by climate |
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Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) |
- endotherm - minimum rate of energy use basal funtions like cell maintenance, breathing & heart rate |
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Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR) |
- Ectotherms - metabolic rate of fasting, resting, non-stressed at particular temperature |
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Endo/Ecto vs Conform/Regulator |
- Endo/Ecto tells where animal gets heat - Conform/Regulator tells how animal maintains |
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Body Size (Factor for metabolic rate) |
- as body size increase, amount of energy required to maintain each gram decreases - mass specific metabolic rate = Total MR/mass |
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Temperature (Factor for metabolic rate) |
- Ectotherm Graph positive diaganal slope - Endotherm Graph looks like a bowl - rises when reach lower critical temp, straight line at thermal neutral zone (TNZ) & rises after upper critical temp |
