Ch 30

Front 1

Intracellular fluid has how many hydrogen (H+) ions in a liter of fluid?

Back 1

7

Front 2

what is the most acidic substance in the body?

Back 2

gastric juices

Front 3

veinous blood has a pH of ____
Arterial blood's pH is ____

Back 3

Veinous (7.36)
Arterial (7.41)

Front 4

what is an acid waste by-product of cellular respiration?

Back 4

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Front 5

An arterial blood pH of ____ is considered acidosis?

Back 5

7.35

Front 6

what is the clinical term for an arterial pH of 7.45?

Back 6

alkalosis

Front 7

the lungs are capable of removing about how much carbonic acid each day?

Back 7

~30 liters

Front 8

how do acid and base enter and influence the human body?

Back 8

minerals that remain after food has been metabolized

Front 9

name some Acid-forming elements

Back 9

chlorine, sulfur, phosphorus

Front 10

name the alkaline forming elements

Back 10

potassium, calcium, sodium and magnesium

Front 11

what food are base-forming foods?

Back 11

fruits (like Reece) and vegetables

Front 12

what are examples of foods when metabolized leave a acid forming residue?

Back 12

high-protein foods (meat, fish, poultry, and eggs)

Front 13

what are two example of "direct acid forming" food?

Back 13

rhubarb(oxalic) and cranberries(benzoic)

Front 14

give an example of a direct base-forming substance?

Back 14

antacids such as sodium bicarbonate

Front 15

what do buffers do?

Back 15

prevent swings in pH

Front 16

which type of pH control mechanism is "fast" acting?

Back 16

Chemical buffer system

Front 17

how is carbonic acid formed?

Back 17

by-product of aerobic glucose metabolism

Front 18

how is Lactic acid formed?

Back 18

by-product of anaerobic glucose metabolism

Front 19

How is sulfuric acid formed?

Back 19

by-product of oxidation of sulfur-containing amino acids

Front 20

the breakdown of ribonucleotides form what?

Back 20

Phosphoric acid

Front 21

How are Acidic ketone bodies formed?

Back 21

breakdown of fats

Front 22

what is the pH of Urine and saliva?

Back 22

Urine-6.0
Saliva-6.5

Front 23

What is the pH of coffee?

Back 23

5.0

Front 24

What is the pH of tomatoes?

Back 24

4.0

Front 25

What is the most acidic substance measured?

Back 25

(hydrochloric acid)

Front 26

How is the pH of Sea water compared to pancreatic fluid?

Back 26

Sea water - 8.0
Pancreas juice - 8.1

Front 27

What is the pH of Baking soda?

Back 27

9.0

Front 28

What is the pH of Bicarbonate of soda?

Back 28

12.0

Front 29

How do chemical buffers work?

Back 29

immediatly combine w/ any added acid or alkali that enter the body fluid and prevent drastic changes in hydrogen ion concentration change.

Front 30

what are the physiological delayed action buffers?

Back 30

respiratory response (takes minutes)
renal response (takes hours)

Front 31

what are the chemical - rapid action buffers?

Back 31

Bicarbonate buffer system
Phosphate buffer system
Protein buffer system

Front 32

What mechanisms collectively, constitute the pH homeostatic mechanism?

Back 32

buffers
respiration
kidney excretion of acids and bases

Front 33

Volatile acids such as carbonic acid are buffered how?

Back 33

by potassium salts of hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin

Front 34

nonvolatile acids such as hydrochloric acid, lactic acid, and ketone bodies are buffered how

Back 34

sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)

Front 35

how does the body control an increase of CO2 in the blood?

Back 35

increases lung activity and urine output of H+

Front 36

what is the range blood must be maintained at?

Back 36

7.36-7.41

Front 37

T / F

Buffers prevent pH changes

Back 37

False
buffers minimize them but do not prevent changes

Front 38

What are the main buffer pairs in body fluid?

Back 38

Bicarbonate pair
Plasma * protein pair
Hemoglobin pair
Phosphate pair

Front 39

what does a buffer pair in body fluid usually consist of?

Back 39

a weak acid and a salt of that acid. (usually Na+ or K+ salts)

Front 40

what happens when a buffer comes in contact with a strong acid or base?

Back 40

it generally replaces it with a weaker acid or base ie.. (thus in acids dissociating fewer H+ ions)

Front 41

what is a condition resulting from severe emisis (such as pernicious vomiting) which massively depletes the stomach's chloride?
What is the treatment?

Back 41

metabolic alkalosis

tx: 0.9 % NaCl (replaces bicarb. ions with Cl)

Front 42

What mechanism makes it possible for carbonic acid to be buffered in RBC's then carried as bicarb. in plasma?

Back 42

Chloride shift

Front 43

one can not maintain normal pH without functioning of which two systems?

Back 43

respiratory and urinary pH control mechanism

Front 44

what enzyme found in RBC's makes the formation of CO2 with water to carbonic acid possible?

Back 44

carbonic anhydrase 1 (in cytoplasm)

Front 45

the process of exchanging a bicarbonate ion (from RBC) with a chloride ion (from plasma) is called what?

Back 45

chloride shift

Front 46

carbonic acid is buffered by what in the RBC?

Back 46

potassium salt of hemoglobin

Front 47

the amount of blood carbon dioxide directly relates to what?

Back 47

the amount of carbonic acid, therefore the concentration of (H+)

Front 48

what is the term for the return or correction of acid-base balance and buffer pair returns to normal 20:1 as a result?

Back 48

correction

Front 49

What does the term compensation mean?

Back 49

the adjustment of the ratio of base to acid maintained keeps pH "normal" despite changes of absolute amounts of either component of the buffer pair.

Front 50

where are the respiratory centers of the brain?
&
in the body?

Back 50

neurons sensitive to arterial blood pH in the medulla oblongata
&
the carotid chemoreflexes