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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define nutrient |
Nutrient = a substance in food used by the body to promote normal growth, maintenance, and repair |
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Define essential nutrient |
nutrients that the body cannot produce fast enough on its own and must be taken in through one’s diet |
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Define calorie |
amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1° Celsius. Energy exchanges associated with biochemical reactions are usually reported in kilocalories |
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List the six major nutrient categories |
1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals 6. Water |
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Carbohydrates (nutrients) |
main cellular use is for energy; sources: starches: bread, cereal pasta, candy, fruit, potatoes |
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Lipids (nutrients) |
help absorb fat soluble vitamins, energy fuel, building anatomical structures; sources: meat, eggs, milk, corn, peanuts, fish, etc. |
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Proteins (nutrients) |
structural component of the body, enzymes, hormones, energy source; sources: animal products, vegetables, grains, and legumes |
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Vitamins (nutrients) |
assist in growth and good health, function as coenzymes; sources: food and vitamin supplements |
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Minerals (nutrients) |
work with other nutrients to ensure a smoothly functioning body, ex form phospholipids, hormones, enzymes, and other functional proteins; sources: food and dietary supplements |
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Water (nutrients) |
essential for life |
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Carbohydrates accounts for what percent of the body weight |
1% |
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What major atoms make up the molecule carbohydrate |
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
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Sub-classifications associated with carbohydrates |
Simple and complex |
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What are carbohydrates function in the body |
Energy source, protein sparing, metabolic primer, fuel for central nervous system, minor role in cell structure |
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Lipids make up what percentage of the body weight |
15-25%
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What major atoms make up lipids
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Carbon |
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Sub-classifications associated with lipids |
Simple (saturated and unsaturated), compound, and derived |
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Function that lipids have in the body |
Energy source, energy reserve, spare proteins, protection, insulation, vitamin carriers, hunger depressant, cell structure elements |
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Proteins make up what percentage of the body weight |
17%
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Protein is made up of what major atoms
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Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
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Sub-classifications associated with proteins |
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
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What functions does protein have in the body |
Cell structure and function, regulate body functions, and energy source (not recommended)Vitamins |
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What percentage do vitamins account for in the body |
Small percentage |
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What major atoms make up a vitamin molecule |
Organic molecules |
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Sub-classifications associated with vitamins |
Fat soluble, water soluble |
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Function of vitamins in the body |
Co-enzymes in metabolic reactions |
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What percentage do minerals account for in the body |
4% |
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What major atoms make up minerals
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Inorganic molecules |
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Sub-classifications associated with minerals |
none
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What function do minerals have in the body |
Help form anatomical structures, coenzymes, catalysts, and regulation |
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What percentage of the body does water account for |
60-65% |
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What major atoms make up the molecule of water
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hydrogen and oxygen
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Sub-classifications associated with water |
within the cell, and outside of the cell
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What function does water play in the body |
Essential for all existence of life |
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What is the recommended daily consumption amount for carbohydrates |
45-65% |
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What is the recommended daily consumption amount for lipids
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20-35%
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What is the recommended daily consumption amount for protein |
12-20% |
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What is the recommended daily consumption amount for vitamins and minerals |
balance |
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Complete proteins: |
meet all the body’s amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth |
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Incomplete proteins: |
do not meet all the body’s amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance. |
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Nitrogen : |
an element need in the body |
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Nitrogen balance: |
when the amount of nitrogen ingested in proteins equals the amount excreted in urine and feces |
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Fat soluble vitamins: |
bind to ingested lipids and are absorbed along with their digestion products ex: vitamin A, D, E, & K |
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Water soluble vitamins: |
are absorbed along with water from the gastrointestinal tract ex: Vitamin B complex (B1, B2, B6, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, folacin/folate, B12) and Vitamin C |
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Vitamin A: Sources = |
fish liver oils, Egg yolk, Milk, margarine |
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Vitamin A: Functions = |
required for synthesis of photoreceptor pigment, integrity of skin and mucosae, normal tooth and bone development, normal reproductive capabilities, important antioxidant |
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Vitamin D: sources = |
fish liver oils, egg yolk, fortified milk |
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Vitamin D: functions = |
functionally a hormone, increases calcium blood levels, mobilizes calcium from bones, calcium homeostasis of blood |
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Vitamin E: sources= |
wheat germ, vegetable oils, nuts, whole grains, dark green leafy vegetables |
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Vitamin E: Function= |
antioxidant that disarms free radicals, prevents oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol |
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Vitamin K: sources = |
leafy green vegetables, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, pork, liver |
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Vitamin K: Functions = |
essential for formation of clotting proteins, an intermediate in the electron transport chain, participates in oxidative phosphorylation of all body cells |
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Vitamin C: sources = |
fruits and veggies, citrus, cantaloupe, strawberries, tomatoes, etc. |
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Vitamin C: Functions = |
antioxidant, required for activation of folacin, and conversion of tryptophan to serotonin and cholesterol to bile salts |
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Vitamin B1: sources = |
lean meats, liver, fish, eggs, whole grains, veggies |
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Vitamin B1: Functions = |
par to cocarboxylase, required for the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetylCoA |
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Vitamin B2: sources= |
liver, yeast, egg white, whole grains, meat, poultry, fish, MILK |
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Vitamin B2: functions= |
FAD and FMN in the body, part of amino acid oxidases |
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Niacin: sources= |
poultry, meat, and fish |
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Niacin: functions= |
constituent of NAD+, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, fat breakdown, DNA repair, transcriptional regulation, inhibits cholesterol synthesis |
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Vitamin B6: sources = |
meat, poultry, fish, whole grains, bananas |
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Vitamin B6: functions= |
necessary for glycogenolysis, formation of antibodies and hemoglobin, and breakdown of homocsteine |
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Pantothenic Acid: sources= |
animal foods, whole grains, legumes, meat |
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Pantothenic Acid: functions= |
involved in synthesis of steroids and heme of hemoglobin |
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Biotin: sources = |
liver, egg yolk, legumes, nuts |
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Biotin: functions = |
coenzyme, catalyst, essential for the Krebs Cycle, for formation of purines, and for energy in amino acids |
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Vitamin B12: sources= |
liver, meat, poultry, fish, dairy, eggs |
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Vitamin B12: functions = |
coenzyme, synthesizes DNA in bone marrow |
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Folic Acid: sources = |
liver, orange juice, yeast, lean beef, eggs, veal, whole grains |
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Folic Acid: functions = |
coenzyme, essential for the formation of red blood cells and neural tube development in embryos |
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List the minerals essential for health |
-Calcium
-Chlorine -Sulfur -Potassium -Sodium -Magnesium |
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From what dietary sources do we consume calcium? How is it used in the body? |
-from milk and milk products -functions in hardness of bones, functional membrane permeability, transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, normal heart rhythm, blood clotting |
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From what dietary sources do we consume chlorine? How is it used in the body? |
-from table salts -functions in maintaining pH of extracellular fluid, required for HCl formation in stomach, activates salivary amylases |
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From what dietary sources do we consume sulfur? How is it used in the body? |
-from meat, milk, eggs, legumes -functions as a constituent for many proteins, some vitamins, cartilage, tendon, and bone parts |
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From what dietary sources do we consume potassium? How is it used in the body? |
-from avocados, meat, dried apricots, fish, fowl, cereals -functions in maintaining osmostic pressure, nerve impulse conduction, muscle contraction, and protein synthesis |
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From what dietary sources do we consume sodium? How is it used in the body? |
-from table salt, cured meats, cheese -functions as an electrolyte for water balance, aids in acid-base balance of blood, pump glucose and other nutrients |
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From what dietary sources do we consume magnesium? How is it used in the body? |
-from milk, dairy products, whole grain cereals, nuts -functions as a coenzyme for conversion of ATP to ADP |
