Ch. 19 Viruses, Bacteria, And Archaea

Front 1

A virus that infects bacteria

Back 1

Bacteriophage

Front 2

An enveloped RNA virus that replicates within human white blood cells. Causes the disease known as AIDS.

Back 2

HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)

Front 3

RNA virus that uses reverse transcriptase to produce viral DNA in a host cell.

Back 3

Retrovirus

Front 4

Noncellular, infectious particle of protein and nucleic acid; replicates only in a host cell.

Back 4

Virus

Front 5

Bacteriophage replication path in which viral DNA becomes integrated into the host's chromosome and is passed to the host's descendants.

Back 5

Lysogenic Pathway

Hint 5

Front 6

Bacteriophage replication pathway in which a virus immediately replicates in its host and kills it.

Back 6

Lytic Pathway

Hint 6

Front 7

Describe the Characteristics and structures of a virus.

Back 7

Hint 7

Front 8

Describe how HIV replicates.

Back 8

Hint 8

Front 9

Method of asexual reproduction that divides one bacterial or archaeal cell into two identical descendant cells

Back 9

Binary Fission

Hint 9

Front 10

Organism that uses carbon dioxide as it's carbon source and obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules.

Back 10

Chemoautotroph

Hint 10

Only bacteria and archaea obtain energy in this way.

Front 11

Organism that obtains energy and carbon by breaking down organic compounds.

Back 11

Chemoheterotroph

Hint 11

This includes bacteria, archaea, fungi, animals, and nonphotosynthetic protists

Front 12

Mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in which one prokaryote passes a plasmid to another.

Back 12

Conjugation

Hint 12

Front 13

Transfer of genetic material between existing individuals.

Back 13

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Front 14

Organism that obtains carbon from carbon dioxide and energy from light.

Back 14

Photoautotroph

Hint 14

Includes bacteria, archaea, photosynthetic protists, and plants.

Front 15

Organism that obtains it's carbon from organic compounds and it's energy from light.

Back 15

Photoheterotroph

Hint 15

Includes bacteria and archaea.

Front 16

Mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in which bacteria or archaea take up DNA from their environment and integrate it into their genome. Introduction of foreign DNA.

Back 16

Transformation

Hint 16

Example: streptococcus pneumonia

Front 17

Mechanism of horizontal gene transfer by which DNA is transferred from one prokaryotic host cell to its next host by a virus.

Back 17

Transduction

Front 18

Photosynthetic, oxygen producing bacteria. Believed that chloroplasts in eukaryotes evolved from this bacteria.

Back 18

Cyanobacteria

Hint 18

Partner with fungi to form lichens.

Front 19

Organism that breaks down organic compounds in wastes and remains into their inorganic subunits that plants can take up and use.

Back 19

Decomposers

Front 20

Resistant resting stage of some soil bacteria. Contains the cell's DNA and a bit of cytoplasm in a protective coat. Formed when conditions are unfavorable. Usually gram +

Back 20

Endospore

Hint 20

Examples

Front 21

Bacteria with thick cell walls of peptidoglycan that are colored purple when prepared for microscopy by gram staining.

Back 21

Gram-positive Bacteria

Front 22

Incorporation of nitrogen gas into ammonia

Back 22

Nitrogen Fixation

Front 23

Most diverse bacterial lineage. All gram negative. Share one RNA sequence.

Back 23

Proteobacteria

Hint 23

Ex: E. Coli, Agrobacterium sp., Rhizobium sp.

Front 24

The largest known bacterium. Proteobacteria containing an enormous vacuole that holds sulfur and nitrate.

Back 24

Thiomargarita Nambiensis

Front 25

Bacteria that resemble a stretched out spring.

Back 25

Spirochetes

Hint 25

some pathogenic forms are responsible for syphilis, and Lyme disease.

Front 26

Normally harmless or beneficial microorganisms that typically live in or on a body. Protect us against infections and provide us with vitamins.

Back 26

Normal Flora

Hint 26

Examples: E. Coli (Vit.K) and lactobacillus sp. (Vit. B)

Front 27

Polymers of sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides. Makes up a cell wall of bacteria.

Back 27

Peptidoglycan

Front 28

Substances that bacteria release into their environment which may be toxic to other organisms. Directly harm Human cells.

Back 28

Exotoxins

Hint 28

Ex: botulinum toxin (botulism)

Front 29

Components of the outer membrane which may be poisonous to other organisms it inhabits.

Back 29

Endotoxins

Front 30

A disease that was previously unknown or has recently begun spreading to a new region.

Back 30

Emerging Disease

Front 31

Disease-causing agent

Back 31

Pathogen

Front 32

Animal that carries a pathogen from one host to the next.

Back 32

Vector

Front 33

Multiple strains of virus infect a host simultaneously and swap genes.

Back 33

Viral Recombination

Hint 33

Example: H1N1 "swine flu"

Front 34

A small, circular, single stranded RNA that can infect plants. Not capable of encoding proteins but interferes with normal gene expression. Replicates with assistance of a plant's RNA polymerase.

Back 34

Viroid

Front 35

Organism adapted to life in a highly salty environment. Most are photoheterotrophs that capture light energy with red pigment.

Back 35

Extreme Halophile

Front 36

Organism adapted to life in a very high temperature environment. Chemoautotrophs that reduce sulfur to obtain energy.

Back 36

Extreme Thermophile

Front 37

Organism that produces methane gas (CH4) as a metabolic by-product. Cannot live in the presence of oxygen.

Back 37

Methanogen

Hint 37

Found in the stomach of cattle and some in the mouths of humans.

Front 38

One of two lineages of prokaryotic cells. Cell walls (when present) contain peptidoglycan.

Back 38

Bacteria

Front 39

Group of single celled organisms that lack a nucleus but are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria.

Back 39

Archaea

Front 40

Producer. An organism that makes its own food using energy from the environment and carbon from inorganic molecules such as CO2

Back 40

Autotroph

Front 41

Of many prokaryotes, small ring of nonchromosomal DNA.

Back 41

Plasmid

Front 42

The most diverse and well known group of prokaryotes.

Back 42

Bacteria (bacterium sing.)

Front 43

Informal name for a single celled organism without a nucleus; a bacterium or archaean.

Back 43

Prokaryote