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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the endocrine system do? |
- Differentiates the CNS and reproductive in fetus - Stimulates growth and development - Adapts to emergency demands of our bodies |
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What do hormones do in regard to fetal development? |
- growth stimulation and inhibition in utero - act as signals that regulate growth They travel throughout the body by blood |
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What are the 4 main growth regulatory hormones? |
Insulin, insulin-like factors, thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids |
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What is the hypothalamus-pituitary axis? |
It is a pathway that hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland (pituitary gland is not in the brain) |
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How is hormone release regulated? |
The CNS stimulates the hypothalamus, which stimulates the anterior pituitary, which stimulates the target organ. Once the target organ is stimulated, it communicates with the anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus through feedback loops (more or less please!) *Most, but not all, hormones rely on this pathway |
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How do water-soluble hormones cross the cell membrane? |
They bind to the plasma membrane's receptors They give a short-acting response |
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How do lipid-soluble hormones cross the cell membrane? |
They diffuse across the cell membrane to the intracellular receptor They have a rapid and long-lasting response (Ex. estrogen and cortisol) |
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What is the "second messenger" called that water-soluble hormones use to get across the cell membrane? |
cAMP It is vital for epinephrine and norepinephrine (ex. caffeine) |
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What are 4 reasons why there would inappropriate amounts of hormones reaching the target cell. |
1. Failed hormone synthesis (not enough hormones) 2. Failed feedback system 3. Hormone inactivation 4. Failed delivery of hormones to cells |
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What is ectopic hormone production? |
Hormones being produced in an area that it shouldn't be |
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How can receptors adapt to inappropriate levels of hormones? |
Cells can either insert more receptors on their cell membrane (increase binding) or remove some receptors on their cell membrane (decrease binding) |
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What can cause cell surface receptor associated disorders? |
A decreased number of receptors Impaired receptor function (doesn't recognize hormone) The presence of antibodies that work against that receptor |
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What can cause intracellular disorders? |
Defects in post-receptor signaling The second messenger not being synthesized The intracellular enzymes/proteins are altered |
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What is the posterior pituitary also known as? |
The neurohypophysis |
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Diseases of the Posterior Pituitary: What is Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)? |
Hypersecretion of ADH |
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What are some manifestations of SIADH? |
Renal water retention, hyponatremia, and hypo-osmolality |
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Diseases of the Posterior Pituitary: What is Diabetes Insipidus? |
An insufficiency of ADH |
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What are two symptoms of diabetes insipidus? |
Polyuria and polydipsia |
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What can cause diabetes insipidus, neurogenically and nephrogenically? |
Neurogenically: Insufficient amounts of ADH Nephrogenically: Inadequate response to ADH |
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What causes the manifestations of diabetes insipidus? |
Increased water excretion, hypernatremia, and hyper-osmolality |
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What is the anterior pituitary gland also known as? |
The adenohypophysis |
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Diseases of the anterior pituitary: What is acromegaly? |
A hypersecretion of GH that causes an increase in size of hands and feet |
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Diseases of the anterior pituitary: What is gigantism? |
Hypersecretion of GH in children and adolescents Increases the size of the whole body in those 15-19 years |
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What is the most common cause of acromegaly and gigantism? |
A benign pituitary tumor (adenoma) |
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Alterations in Thyroid Function: What can cause hyperthyroidism? |
Graves disease Toxic nodular hyperthyroidism (nodules secrete TH) Thyroiditis (stored TH is released) |
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Alterations in Thyroid Function: What can cause hypothyroidism? |
The primary cause is thyroiditis The secondary causes are congenital hypothyroidism, thyroid carcinoma, and decreased iodine intake (rare) |
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What is pretibial edema a sign of? |
Hyperthyroidism |
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What is myxedema a sign of? |
Hypothyroidism |
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The Adrenal Glands: What is the medulla in charge of making? |
Norepinephrine and epinephrine (catecholamines) |
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The Adrenal Glands: What do catecholamines promote? |
Hyperglycemia |
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The Adrenal Glands: What does the cortex produce? |
Glucosteroids (ex. cortisol), mineralocorticoids (ex. aldosterone - salt retention), and androgens (ex. testosterone) |
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Disorders of the adrenal cortex: What is cushing disease? |
Hypersecretion of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) from the anterior pituitary |
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Disorders of the adrenal cortex: What is cushing syndrome? |
Increased level of cortisol no matter the cause... it is more general |
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Disorders of the adrenal cortex: What can a hypersecretion or cortisol result in? |
A disruption in circadian patterns and stress not increasing ACTH and cortisol...the adrenal glands become exhausted |
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Disorders of the adrenal cortex: What is Addison's disease (primary)? |
Hyposecretion of cortisol due to the adrenal glands being damaged |
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Disorders of the adrenal cortex: What is the secondary hypocortisolism cause? |
A pituitary or hypothalamic disorder that decreases ACTH secretion |
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Disorders of the adrenal cortex: What would result when aldosterone gets secreted? |
Na retention and K loss |
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Disorders of the adrenal cortex: What is the primary cause of hyperaldosteronism? |
Conn disease...adrenal glands get damaged |
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Disorders of the adrenal cortex: What is the secondary cause of hyperaldosteronism? |
Anything that increases renin! Juxtaglomerular tumor, renal artery tumor |
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Disorders of the adrenal cortex: What is the primary cause of hypoaldosteronism? |
Addison disease, where the adrenal glands are damaged |
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Disorders of the adrenal cortex: What is the secondary cause of hypoaldosteronism? |
Renal dysfunction or medications (NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors) |
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What are the three types of diabetes mellitus? |
Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational See chart for differences |
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What two tests can we use to diagnose diabetes mellitus? |
A1C Test Fasting Plasma Glucose |
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What is the A1C value of someone without diabetes, and what is the A1C value of someone with diabetes? |
Without diabetes = < 6% With diabetes = 6.5% or above |
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For fasting plasma glucose test, what value indicates diabetes? |
Greater than or equal to 7.0 mmol/L |
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What does fasting mean from the fasting plasma glucose test? |
No caloric intake for at least 8 hours |
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What are the two sub-types (causes) of Type 1 DM? |
1. Autoimmune (1A) 2. Nonautoimmune (1B and is idiopathic - unknown cause) |
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What is Type 1 DM? |
Atrophy of pancreatic cells (specifically Beta cells) and hyperglycemia occurs Macrophages, T and B-lymphocytes, and natural killer cells are present to destroy pancreatic cells |
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What is the pathophysiology of Type 1 DM? |
You can develop type 1 DM either through genetics or environmental factors ** Autoantigens form on the Beta-cells and circulate in the blood - This activates cellular and humoral immunity (macrophages, T-cells, and B-cells) - Those immunity cells destroy the Beta-cells - Decreased insulin and amylin |
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Why do people with diabetes have symptoms such as polyuria (increased urination) and polydipsia (increased thirst)? |
Glucose pulls water from the body into the urine where it gets excreted With hyperglycemia, there is increased glucose, which means more glucose will spill out into the urine and more water will be pulled from the body to be excreted (polyuria). Since we are losing lots of fluid, our body will compensate by increasing thirst (polydipsia). |
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Why do people with diabetes have symptoms such as weight loss, fatigue, and polyphagia (increased hunger)? |
When there is hyperglycemia, the glucose can't enter the cells (which they need) and instead the cells resort to the glucose in our body's fat and protein stores to help produce ATP. |
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What is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? |
It can be inherited or brought on by obesity or poor lifestyle It begins with insulin resistance of the cells and later, it can result in the loss of beta cells |
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What is the pathophysiology of type 2 DM? |
The cells become resistant to the insulin, which increases the demand for insulin production. This puts lots of stress on the Beta cells and they eventually stop working which results in hyposecretion of insulin. |
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What microvascular complications can arise from DM? |
Retinopathy (vision) Diabetic nephropathy (low blood flow will activate the RAAS to increase BP) |
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What macrovascular complications can arise from DM? |
Coronary artery disease Infection Dyslipidemia (increased triglycerides, low HDL, high LDL) Metabolic Syndrome* |
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What is Metabolic Syndrome? |
A precursor (precedes) DM development It puts you at a greater risk for developing DM |
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What factors indicate Metabolic Syndrome? |
3 or more of: - high BP - high BG - high triglycerides - low HDLs - large waist circumference (102cm Men and 88cm Women) |
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What are the most important risk factors for Metabolic Syndrome? |
Being apple-shaped Being insulin resistant |
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What are the BMIs? |
< 18 underweight 18.5 - 24.9 normal weight 25 - 29.9 overweight > 30 obesity |
