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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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goiter
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enlarged thyroid gland
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endemic (en-in; dem/o - ppl) goiter
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occurs in specific regions & ppl who lack iodine
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nodular/adenomatous goiter
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hyperplasia, nodules, & adenomas occur
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hyperthyroidism
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excess activity of thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis
ex: grave's disease (autoimmune) |
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exophthalmos/proptosis
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eyeballs popping out; sx of hyperthyroidism
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hypothyroidism
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underactivity of thyroid gland
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myxedema
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advanced hyppothyroidism in adulthood
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cretinism
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extreme hypothyroidism during infancy & childhood --> physical & mental growth problems
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thyroid cancer
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cancer of thyroid gland
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hyperparathyroidism
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excessive production of PTH
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hypoparathyroidism
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low production of PTH
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tetany
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constant muscle contraction
sx of hypoparathyroidism |
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adrenal virilism
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excessive secretion of adrenal androgens
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hirsutism
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excessive hair growth on hair & body
sx of adrenal virilism |
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cushing syndrome
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group of sx made by excess cortisol from adrenal cortex
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addison disease
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hypofunctioning of adrenal cortex
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pheochromocytoma
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benign tumor of adrenal medulla (tumor cells stain dark (phe/o) color (chrom/o)
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hyperinsulinism
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excess secretion of insulin --> hypoglycemia
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diabetes mellitus (DM)
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lack of insulin secretion or insulin resistance = less sugar/starch/fat metabolism in cells
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type 1 diabetes
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child usually; immune system destroys b-cells & there's complete insulin deficiency
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type 2 diabetes
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usually older and obese; deficiency of insulin secretion w/ resistance by target tissues
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ketoacidosis
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fats improperly burned leading to acculmulation of ketones & acids in body
sx of DM 1 & 2 |
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hypoglycemia
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can occur if too much insulin taken by pt
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insulin shock
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severe hypoglycemia caused by o/d of insulin, decrease intake of food or excessive exercise
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2ndary complications
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long term complications
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primary complications
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short term complications
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diabetic retinopathy
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destruction of retina BV
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diabetic neuropathy
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destruction of nerves
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gastroparesis
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loss of gastric mobility
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gestational diabetes
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prego leads to hormonal changes causing diabetes
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acromegaly
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enlargement of extremeties caused by hypersecretion of anterior pituitary after puberty
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gigantism
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hypersecretion of GH from anterior pituitary gland before puberty leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissue
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dwarfism
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congenital hyposecretion of GH; hypopituitary dwarfism
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panhyppituitarism
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all pituitary hormones are deficient
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syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
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excessive secretion of ADH
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diabetes insipidus (DI)
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insufficient secretion of ADH
insipidus (tasteless) mellitus (sweet or honey) |
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fasting blood sugar (FBS)
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measures circulating glucose level in pt that fasted at least 4 hours
can dx DM |
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oral glucose tolerance test
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nonfasting test where pt drinks 75 grams of glucose & samples for sugar drawn immediately at 30, 60, 90, & 120 min
helps dx gestational diabetes |
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glycosylated hemoglobin test
(HbA1c or A1c) |
measures long-term glucose control
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serum & urine tests
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measures hormones, electrolytes, glucose & other substances in serum (blood) & urine as indicators of endocrine function
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urinary microalbumin test
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measures small quantities of albumin in urine as a marker of diabetic nephropathy
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thyroid function tests
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measures T3, T4 & TSH in blood
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exophthalmometry
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measurement of eyeball protrusion with exophthalmometer
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CT scan
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x-ray imaging of endocrine glands in cross section to assess size & infiltration of tumor
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MRI
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magnetic & radiofreq pulses make images of hypothalamus & pituitary gland to locate abnormalities
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radioactive iodine uptake scan
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radioactive iodine is given orally & uptaken by thyroid gland where images taken
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thyroid scan
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scanner detects radioactivity & visualizes the thyroid gland after IV admin of radioactive cmpd
can assess tumors & nodules |
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ultrasound examination
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sound waves show images of endocrine organs
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A1C
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blood test that measures glycosylated hb (HbA1c) to assess glucose control
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ACTH
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adrenocorticotropic hormone
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ADH
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antidiuretic hormone; vasopressin
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BGM
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blood glucose monitoring
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BMR
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basal metabolic rate; indicates thyroid function but not used
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DI
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diabetes insipidus
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DM
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diabetes mellitus
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FBG
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fasting blood glucose
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FBS
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fasting blood sugar
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FSH
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follicle stimulating hormone
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GH
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growth hormone
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GTT
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glucose tolerance test; measures ability to respond to glucose load; test for diabetes
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HbA1C
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test for presence of glycosylated hb test; high level = poor glucose control in diabetic
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hCG
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human chorionic gonadotropin
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ICSH
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interstitial cell stimulating hormone
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IDDM
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insulin dependent DM - type 1
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IGF
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insulin like growth factor
somatomedin |
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K+
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potassium
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LH
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luteinizing hormone
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MEN
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multiple endocrine neoplasia
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Na+
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sodium
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NIDDM
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non-insulin dependent DM- type 2
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17-OH
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17-hydroxycorticosteroids
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OT
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oxytocin
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PRL
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prolactin
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PTH
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parathyroid hormone
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RAI
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radioactive iodine - tx for graves
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RIA
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radioimmunoassay - measures hormone levels in plasma
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SIADH
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syndrome of inappropriate ADH
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STH
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somatotropin- growth hormone
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T3
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triiodothyronine
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T4
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thyroxine - tetraiodothyronine
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TFT
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thyroid function test
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TSH
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thyroid stimulating hormone
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