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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Antebellum Period
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1830s-1861: Period pre-Civil war that focused on reforms (Antebellum reform) Characterized by the rise of abolition and gradual sectionalism. US econ began to shift to the northern manufacturing as the IR began. South: cotton boom made plantations the center of their economy. Time of expansion and Manifest Destiny--> leads to issues of slavery in new territories
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Second Great Awakening
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1790s-1830s. Religious revival swept across the western frontier and northeastern US. Inspired new religious spirit into public life and redefines the ideal of equality, resulting in prison and church reform, temperance, education, women's rights, and abolition. Stressed salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects (Methodist and Baptists). Attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. **It esp inspired women to improve society.** Evangelists: Charles Grandison Finney and Peter Cartwright.
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Revivalism; revival camp meetings
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"Spiritual Reform from Within" God freely offered saving grace to everyone. To be saved, one had to accept God's grace and they would be spiritually reborn. Stressed personal conversion and emotionalism
Goal: revivals center on spiritual experiences and needs of ordinary people. Originated in frontiers (esp. KY) |
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Millennialism
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Belief in 1,000 years when Christ would reign on earth, foresees a coming age of peace and prosperity. William Miller (and Millerites) believed Christ would return to Earth Oct 22, 1844
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Church of Latter-Day Saints; Brigham Young
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Est. by Joesph Smith 1830 after he published "The Book of Mormon." Church believed it was restoring ancient church of Jesus Christ in America. Originally a small, wandering band of settlers, it became a large, thriving church under the leadership of Brigham Young. Young built a thriving community in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847 and oversaw the expansion of Mormon settlements throughout the West. Persecuted for practice of polygamy; it prevented Utah's entrance to US until 1896
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New Romantic Movement
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1820s-1860s: Romanticism; emphasized emotion over reason, & individual decision-making over constraints of tradition. New genre of lit in which intense, private sentiment was portrayed by sensitive and exciting characters who exercised free choice in their lives.
Romantic movement saw a rise in women authors & readers. Appealed to Americans bc it emphasized emotional, individual relationship w/ God unlike strict Calvinism of previous generations. |
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Transcendentalists
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People who belonged to the American philosophical movement that asserted the importance of the spiritual values over the material wants. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Walt Whitman, Henry David Thoreau. Distinguished American cultural identity (through American Renaissance in lit.) in the mid-19th century, influenced by romanticism.
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Ralph Waldo Emerson; "The American Scholar"
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Emerson started the transcendental movement in New England in the 1830s, advocating individualism and self-reliance: essential themes in the Romantic era. Speech by Emerson 1837 in Mass. The 1st time the country was provided visionary philosophical framework for establishing a new, distinct American cultural identity away from Europe (esp England)
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Henry David Thoreau; "Civil Disobedience" + "Walden"
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Civil D: 1849 argued ppl shldnt allow govt to overrule their consciences. States govt is ineffective and slows social progress. Advocated breaking of a law if the law is unjust. The work is motivated by Thoreau's hatred twrds slavery and the Mex.-Amer. War
"Walden": 1854 showcases Emerson's transcendental philosophy such as independence, social experiment, spiritual discovery, and self-reliance. Thoreau gained objective understanding of society through personal introspection |
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Brook Farm Institute of Agriculture
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Est. by Unitarian George Ripley 1841in West Roxbury, MA. Inspired by Transcendentalism and Associationism to model a cooperative community that was classless and noncompetitive, under the idea that thinkers and workers cld work together while achieving personal fulfillment and mental freedom. Practiced self-fulfillment through discipline and eventually organized hierarchy. It failed bc it was financially unsuccessful. Transcendentalists who participated/visited Brook Farm: Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Horace Greeley, and Margaret Fuller.
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Feminists
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Lucy Stone (American Women's Suffrage Association) Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Strove for women's rights, esp. the right to vote. Helped change the perception of women from voiceless dependents to independent thinkers who could validly voice for change in the US. Organized the Sencea Falls Convention 1848 and the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments.
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Margaret Fuller
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Transcendentalist who edited transcendental journal "The Dial" and had an active part in planning Brook Farm. Wrote "Summer on the Lake" 1844 which portrayed frontier life esp problems faced by women and Native Amer. Acclaimed by Horace Greeley.
Also wrote Feminist classic "Women in the Nineteenth Century" in 1845. Argued tht women shld be allowed to develop their talents and abilities to full potential. |
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Utopian Communities
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1815-1850 Utopian society = individuals withdrew from the world and tried to live together harmoniously. They banded together in economic, financial, and other ventures, sharing labor as well as profits. Communities usually had a guiding political stance or religion, shared work, and adequate social benefits for all.
Ex: Brook Farm, Oneida, The Shakers |
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Shakers
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Mother Ann Lee 1774 est. 1st communal Shaker community in the US at Watervliet, New York. Shakers regarded Lee as the female counterpart of Jesus Christ. Communities owned property in common and were dedicated to productive labor. They sought a life of perfection, and honored celibacy over marriage. The Shakers were acclaimed for their model farms and prosperous, orderly communities. They contributed a distinctive style of architecture, furniture, and handicraft to American culture. The movement dwindled after 1860.
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Robert Owen; New Harmony
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1825 New Harmony, Indiana. 1 of 1st secular utopias in US. Influenced by Brit social reformer Robert Dale Owen, it valued free edu, cooperation, and rational thinking. It had the 1st kindergarten, the 1st trade school, the 1st free library, and the 1st community-supported public school in the nation.
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Joseph Henry Noyes; Oneida Community
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Est. 1841, religious and social experiment based on communistic principles, in Putney, VT later moved to Oneida, NY in 1848. "Perfectionists", believed freedom from sin cld be obtained on earth by communion with God. All property (farms and industries), were held in common. All govt decisions made by committees weekly in public session. Perfectionist women had equal rights with the men. Practiced "Complex marriage": All adults in the community considered married to one another. Having children was a matter of community control. Noyes believed extended family system wld dissolve selfishness and demonstrate the practicality. (complex marriage resulted hostility from surrounding communities and was abandoned in 1879. Soon after, the community abolished communal property, ending the utopian experiment.)
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Horace Greeley
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More of a social reformer than a politician when he ran for Pres as a Democrat in 1872. His bid for presidency marked the culmination of a life dedicated to reform-minded causes as abolition and women's rights (though not women's suffrage). Greeley influenced many through his New York Tribune, generating support for causes he supported. He supported antislavery and the free soil movement. He advocated preservation of the Union, but was willing to have it dissolved rather than allow slavery extension.
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Hudson River School
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Described group NYC-based painters like Thomas Cole (most influential artist of the school) in 1850s. Was 1st real landscape painting movement in US. Uniquely American movement tht hoped to separate American artists and painting styles from Europe. Celebrated the wildness of American frontier, leading the way twrds more realistic portrayal of nature. Romanticism influenced their presentation of nature. By the time the movement was coined "Hudson River School" in the 1870s, it was already regarded as hopelessly old-fashioned by younger artists in US.
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Washington Irving
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His stories and sketches from "The Sketchbook of Geoffrey Crayon"made him the 1st American writer with an international reputation. 2 best-known pieces (1819-1820), "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," became legends, and are the 1st fully developed models of the American short story. He inspired writers like Edgar Allen Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
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James Fenimore Cooper
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Author of the "Leatherstocking tales" of the early frontier. He was the 1st writer to capture the popular imagination with myths rooted in US history. He wrote romances, the heroes embodied courage, integrity, and love of the wilderness, characteristics of a nation destined to expand and prosper. Most popular work 1826 "The Last of the Mohicans" with Natty Bumppo (a resourceful American woodsman)
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