Ch. 14 Principles Of Disease And Epidemiology

Front 1

Define Pathology

Back 1

The scientific study of a disease

Front 2

Define etiology

Back 2

The scientific study of the cause of the disease

Front 3

_________ is a state where host (human) harbors microbes that survive and multiply in/on body tissues.

Back 3

Infection

Front 4

Define disease

Back 4

When the infection results in any change from a state of health.

Front 5

___________ is disease causing ability or the ability of a pathogen to gain entry to host tissues and bring about the disease.

Back 5

Pathogenicity

Front 6

Define pathogenesis

Back 6

the manner in which a disease develops

Front 7

_________ is the degree of pathogenicity of a pathogen or the degree to which a pathogen causes diseases.

Back 7

virulence

Hint 7

"Full of poison"

Front 8

What is the difference between normal microbiota and transient microbiota?

Back 8

Normal microbiota: microorganisms that colonize permanently, but do not produce disease under normal conditions.

Transient microbiota: present for a shorter time then disappears.

Front 9

Define commensalism and give an example

Back 9

When one of the organisms benefit, but the other is unaffected.

EX. Staph epidermidis: lives on the skin and the secretions, but does not have a host

Front 10

Define mutualism and give an example

Back 10

Benefits both organisms

EX. Large intestine that has E. coli that synthesizes vitamins. Vitamins are absorbed into bloodstream and distributes to body cells to use.

Front 11

Define parasitism and give an example.

Back 11

When an organism gains nutrients from the expense of the other.

EX. parasites

Front 12

__________ are live microbes applied to or ingested into the body. __________ are chemicals that promote beneficial bacterial growth.

Back 12

Probiotics and Prebiotcs

Front 13

_____________ ________ does not cause disease in its normal habitat, but can cause disease in a different environment.

Back 13

Opportunistic Microbes

Front 14

____ is a change in the body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease; whereas, _______ is a change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease.

Back 14

Sign and symptom

Front 15

Define syndrome

Back 15

A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease.

Front 16

Differentiate a communicable disease and noncommunicable disease and give an example of each.

Back 16

Communicable Disease: when a person that's infected passes an infectious agent to another person directly or indirectly.

EX. Chiceknpox

Noncommunicable Disease: Is not passes from one hose to another. The microbes that live outside the body produce the disease once its introduced into the body.

EX. Tetanus

Front 17

Define Incidence

Back 17

A fraction of the population that contracts a disease during a specific time.

Front 18

Define Prevalence

Back 18

Fraction of population having a specific disease at a given time.

Front 19

________ disease occurs occasionally in a population.

Back 19

Sporadic

Front 20

_______ is a disease that is constantly present in a population. ________ is a disease that's acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time.

Back 20

Endemic and Epidemic

Front 21

Give an example of an endemic and epidemic disease.

Back 21

Endemic: Gonorrhea in U.S.

Epidemic: Hepatitis A in certain times

Front 22

Define Pandemic

Back 22

a worldwide epidemic

Front 23

What is herd immunity?

Back 23

Immunity in most of a population.

Front 24

_____ disease are symptoms that develop rapidly. _______ disease develops slowly.

Back 24

Acute and Chronic

Front 25

What is subacute disease?

Back 25

Symptoms between acute and chronic.

Front 26

Define latent disease and give an example.

Back 26

The causative agent is inactive then becomes active to produce symptoms.

EX. Shingles and herpes

Front 27

What is local infection?

Back 27

Pathogens limited to a small area of the body.

Front 28

What is systemic infection?

Back 28

An infection throughout the body.

Front 29

_____ infection is a systemic infection that began as a local infection.

Back 29

Focal Infection

Front 30

Bacteremia

Back 30

Bacteria in the blood

Front 31

Septicemia

Back 31

Growth of bacteria in the blood. Systematic infection.

Front 32

Toxemia

Back 32

Toxins in the blood

Front 33

Viremia

Back 33

Viruses in the blood

Front 34

Sepsis

Back 34

Toxins or pathogens in blood or tissues. From a focus on infection. A toxic inflammatory infection.

Front 35

_______ infection is an acute infection that causes the illness.

Back 35

Primary Infection

Front 36

Opportunistic Infection

Back 36

is after a primary infection

Front 37

Define predisposing factor.

Back 37

Makes body more susceptible to a disease

Front 38

List 4 predisposing factors.

Back 38

-Gender: females have higher incidence to UTIs.

-Inherited traits: sickle cell gene

-Climate and weather

-Age

Front 39

Define subclinical disease.

Back 39

No noticeable signs or symptoms

Front 40

Put the following in proper sequence according to pattern of disease: period of decline, period of convalescence, period of illness, prodromal period, and incubation period

Back 40

-Incubation period

-Prodromal period

-Period of illness

-Period of decline

-Period of convalescence

Front 41

Define incubation period

Back 41

Time between infection and appearance of first symptoms. From hours to years and when pathogens multiply.

Front 42

What is the prodromal period?

Back 42

Appearance of nonspecific symptoms (cannot diagnose) like fever and headaches

Front 43

Define period of illness.

Back 43

The most severe because it exhibits overt signs and symptoms. Chills, muscle aches

Front 44

Period of _______ are when signs and symptoms subside, when everything decreases.

Back 44

Period of decline

Front 45

Period of _____________ is when you regain strength and recovery.

Back 45

Period of convalescence

Front 46

Define reservoir of infection.

Back 46

Continual sources of infection.

Front 47

What is a human reservoir? Give an example.

Back 47

People can transmit directly or indirectly. Can harbor pathogens and transmit

EX. Aids and gonorrhea

Front 48

What is an animal reservoir and define zoonoses.

Back 48

Diseases transmitted by animals.

EX. rabies

Front 49

What are nonliving reservoirs?

Back 49

Soil (botulism and tetanus)

Water (cholera, Thyphoid fever)

Front 50

What is direct contact and give an example.

Back 50

Person-to-person transmission.

EX. kissing, touching

Front 51

What is indirect contact and give an example.

Back 51

Via fomites (inanimate objects)

EX. Tissues, toys

Front 52

What are HAIs?

Back 52

Healthcare- associated infections.

Front 53

What are nosocomial infections?

Back 53

Infections acquired in a hospital setting.

Front 54

___________ host are impaired by disease, therapy, or burns.

Back 54

Compromised host

Front 55

Define epidemiology.

Back 55

The study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations.