Ch 14 A-L

Front 1

addiction

Back 1

acquired dependence on a drug

Front 2

additive

Back 2

sum of action of two (or more) drugs given; in this case, total strength of medications is equal to sum of strength of each individual drug

Front 3

antidote

Back 3

substance that will neutralize poisons or their side effects

Front 4

anxiety

Back 4

feeling of apprehension or worry

Front 5

Alzheimer's disease

Back 5

Degenerative brain disorder with gradual loss of cognitive abilities.

Front 6

amnesia

Back 6

loss of memory in which people forget their identity as a result of head injury or disorder, such as epilepsy, senility, and alcoholism; can be either temporary or permanent

Front 7

anorexia nervosa

Back 7

type of eating disorder characterized by distorted body image, a pathological fear of becoming fat, and severe weight loss due to excessive dieting.

Front 8

autism

Back 8

type of mental disorder diagnosed in childhood in which child exhibits extreme degree of withdrawal from all social contacts

Front 9

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Back 9

inattention and impulsive behavior

Front 10

antidepressant drugs

Back 10

medications classified as stimulants that alter patient's mood by affecting levels of neurotransmitters in brain; antidepressants, such as serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, are nonaddictive but they can produce unpleasant side effects such as dry mouth, weight gain, blurred vision, and nausea

Front 11

antipsychotic drugs

Back 11

major tranquilizer drugs that have transformed treatment of patients with psychoses and schizophrenia by reducing patient agitation and panic and shortening schizophrenic episodes; one of the side effects of these drugs is involuntary muscle movements, which approximately one-fourth of all adults who take the drugs develop.

Front 12

abnormal psychology

Back 12

study and treatment of behaviors outside of normal and detrimental to person or society; these maladaptive behaviors range from occasional difficulty coping with stress, to bizarre actions and beliefs, to total withdrawal

Front 13

antisocial personality disorder

Back 13

personality disorder in which patient engages in behaviors that are illegal or outside of social norms

Front 14

anteroposterior view (AP view)

Back 14

positioning patient so that X-rays pass through body from anterior side to posterior side

Front 15

activities of daily living (ADL)

Back 15

activities usually performed in course of a normal day, such as eating, dressing, and washing

Front 16

active exercises

Back 16

exercises that a patient performs without assistance

Front 17

active range of motion (AROM)

Back 17

range of motion for joints that a patient is able to perform without assistance of someone else

Front 18

active-resistive exercises

Back 18

exercises in which patient works against resistance applied to a muscle, such as a weight; used to increase strength

Front 19

anesthetic

Back 19

substance that produces partial to complete loss of sensation; may be of local or general effect, depending on type of administration

Front 20

analgesic

Back 20

substance that relieves pain

Front 21

brand name

Back 21

name a pharmaceutical company chooses as trademark or market name for its drug; also called proprietary name

Front 22

buccal

Back 22

(1) pertaining to cheeks; (2) drugs that are placed under lip or between cheek and gum

Front 23

broad spectrum

Back 23

ability of drug to be effective against a wide range of microorganism

Front 24

bulimia

Back 24

eating disorder characterized by binge eating and intentional vomiting

Front 25

bipolar disorder (BPD)

Back 25

mental disorder in which patient has alternating periods of deep depression and mania

Front 26

body mechanics

Back 26

use of good posture and position while performing activities of daily living to prevent injury and stress on body parts

Front 27

benign

Back 27

not cancerous; benign tumor is generally not progressive or recurring

Front 28

biopsy (bx)

Back 28

Excision of a small piece of tissue for microscopic examination to assist in determining a diagnosi

Front 29

chemical name

Back 29

name for a drug based on its chemical formula or molecular structure

Front 30

controlled substances

Back 30

drugs that have potential for being addictive (habit forming) or can be abused

Front 31

cumulative action

Back 31

action that occurs in body when drug is allowed to accumulate or stay in body

Front 32

contraindication

Back 32

condition in which particular drug should not be used

Front 33

conversion reaction

Back 33

somatoform disorder in which patient unconsciously substitutes physical signs or symptoms for anxiety; most common physical signs or symptoms are blindness, deafness, and paralysis

Front 34

clinical psychologist

Back 34

evaluates and treats persons with mental and emotional disorders

Front 35

contrast studies

Back 35

radiopaque substance is injected or swallowed; X-rays are then taken that outline body structure containing radiopaque substance; examples are angiograms and myelograms

Front 36

computed tomography scan (CT scan)

Back 36

imaging technique able to produce cross-sectional view of body; X-ray pictures are taken at multiple angles through body and computer uses all images to construct composite cross-section

Front 37

cyrotherapy

Back 37

using cold for therapeutic purposes

Front 38

circulating nurse

Back 38

nurse who assists surgeon and scrub nurse by providing needed materials during procedure and by handling surgical specimen; person does not wear sterile clothing and may enter and leave operating room during procedure

Front 39

cauterization

Back 39

Use of heat, cold, electricity, or chemicals to scar, burn, or cut tissues

Front 40

cryosurgery

Back 40

exposing tissues to extreme cold in order to produce cell injury and destruction used in treating malignant tumors and to control pain and bleeding

Front 41

carcinogen

Back 41

substance or chemical agent that produces cancer or increases risk of developing it; for example, cigarette smoke and insecticides are considered to be carcinogens

Front 42

carcinoma in situ (CIS)

Back 42

malignant tumor that has not extended beyond original site

Front 43

cytologic testing

Back 43

examination of cells to determine structure and origin; pap smears are considered a form of cytologic testing

Front 44

chemotherapy (chemo)

Back 44

treating disease by using chemicals that have a toxic effect on body, especially cancerous tissue

Front 45

Drug Enforcement Agency

Back 45

government agency that enforces regulation of controlled substances

Front 46

drug interaction

Back 46

occurs when effect of one drug is altered because it was taken at same time as another drug

Front 47

dementia

Back 47

progressive confusion and disorientation

Front 48

dissociative identity disorder

Back 48

having two or more distinct personalities

Front 49

delusions

Back 49

false belief held with conviction even in face of strong evidence to contrary

Front 50

Doppler ultrasonography

Back 50

use of ultrasound to record velocity of blood moving through blood vessels to look for blood clots and blood vessel obstructions.

Front 51

debridement

Back 51

removal dead or damaged tissue from wound; commonly performed for burn therapy

Front 52

day surgery

Back 52

type of outpatient surgery in which patient is discharged on same day he or she is admitted; also called ambulatory surgery

Front 53

draping

Back 53

process of covering patient with sterile cloths that allow only operative site to be exposed to surgeon

Front 54

dissection

Back 54

surgical cutting of parts for separation and study

Front 55

explosive disorder

Back 55

impulse control disorder in which patient is unable to control violent rages

Front 56

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Back 56

procedure occasionally used for cases of prolonged major depression in which electrode is placed on one or both sides of patient's head and current is turned on briefly causing convulsive seizure; low level of voltage is used in modern ECT, and patient is administered a muscle relaxant and anesthesia; advocates of treatment state that it is a more effective way to treat severe depression than with use of drugs; is not effective with disorders other than depression, such as schizophrenia and alcoholism

Front 57

Ergonomics

Back 57

study of human work including how requirements for performing work and work environment affect musculoskeletal and nervous systems

Front 58

electromyography (EMG)

Back 58

The recording of a muscle’s response to electrical stimulation. The graphic record produced is an electromyogram.

Front 59

endoscopic surgery

Back 59

use of lighted instrument to examine interior of cavity

Front 60

electrocautery

Back 60

use of an electric current to stop bleeding by coagulating blood vessel

Front 61

encapsulated

Back 61

growth enclosed in sheath of tissue that prevents tumor cells from invading surrounding tissue

Front 62

exploratory surgery

Back 62

surgery performed for purpose of determining if there is cancer present or if known cancer has spread; biopsies are generally performed

Front 63

family and group psychotherapy

Back 63

form of psychological counseling often described as solution focused; therapist places minimal emphasis on patient past history and strong emphasis on having patient state and discuss goals and then find a way to achieve them

Front 64

film

Back 64

thin sheet of cellulose material coated with light-sensitive substance used in taking photographs; there is a special photographic film that is sensitive to X-rays

Front 65

film badge

Back 65

badge containing film that is sensitive to X-rays; is worn by all personnel in radiology to measure amount of X-rays to which they are exposed

Front 66

fluoroscopy

Back 66

x-rays strike fluorescing rather than a photographic plate, causing it to glow; glowing screen can change from minute to minute, and is therefore able to show movement such as heart beating or digestive tract moving

Front 67

generic name

Back 67

recognized and accepted official name for a drug; each drug has only one generic name; this name is not subject to copyright protection, so any pharmaceutical manufacturer may use it; also called nonproprietary name

Front 68

gait

Back 68

manner of walking

Front 69

gross motor skills

Back 69

use of large muscle groups that coordinate body movements such as walking, running, jumping, and balance

Front 70

gait training

Back 70

assisting person to learn to walk again or how to use assistive device to walk

Front 71

general anesthesia

Back 71

general anesthesia produces a loss of consciousness including absence of pain sensation; administered to patient by either intravenous or inhalation method; patient's vital signs are carefully monitored when using general anesthetic

Front 72

grade

Back 72

tumor can be graded from grade I through grade IV; grade is based on microscopic appearance of tumor cells; grade I tumor is well differentiated and is easier to treat than more advanced grades

Front 73

habituation

Back 73

development of emotional dependence on drug due to repeated use

Front 74

hallucinations

Back 74

perceiving something that is not there

Front 75

humanistic psychotherapy

Back 75

form of psychological counseling in which therapist does not delve into patients' past; it is believed that patients can learn how to use their own internal resources to deal with their problems; therapist creates a therapeutic atmosphere, which builds patient self-esteem and encourages discussion of problems, thereby gaining insight in how to handle them. Also called client-centered or nondirective psychotherapy

Front 76

hydrotherapy

Back 76

application of warm water as a therapeutic treatment; can be done in baths, swimming pools, and whirlpools

Front 77

hemostasis

Back 77

stopping the flow of blood using instruments, pressure, and/or medication

Front 78

hyperplasia

Back 78

excessive development of normal cells within an organ

Front 79

hormone therapy

Back 79

treatment of cancer with natural hormones or with chemicals that produce hormone-like effects

Front 80

intradermal (ID)

Back 80

(1) pertaining to within skin; (2) injection of medication into skin; very shallow injection just under the top layer of the skin that is commonly used in skin testing for allergies and tuberculosis testing; one type of parenteral route of administration.

Front 81

intramuscular (IM)

Back 81

(1) Pertaining to within muscle; (2) injection of medication directly into muscle of the buttocks, thigh, or upper arm; used when there is a large amount of medication or it is irritating; one type of parenteral route of administration

Front 82

intravenous (IV)

Back 82

(1) Pertaining to within vein; (2) injection into veins; this route can be set up to deliver medication very quickly or to deliver continuous administration of medication; one type of parenteral administration

Front 83

intrathecal

Back 83

(1) pertaining to within meninges; (2) injection into meningeal space surrounding brain and spinal cord; one type of parenteral route of administration

Front 84

intracavitary

Back 84

injection into body cavity such as peritoneal and chest cavity; one type of parenteral route of administration

Front 85

iatrogenic

Back 85

usually unfavorable response that results from taking medication

Front 86

idiosyncrasy

Back 86

unusual or abnormal response to drug or food

Front 87

insomnia

Back 87

sleeping disorder characterized by marked inability to fall asleep

Front 88

intravenous

Back 88

(1)Pertaining to within vein; (2) injection into veins; this route can be set up to deliver medication very quickly or to deliver continuous administration of medication; one type of parenteral administration

Front 89

inhalation

Back 89

(1) to breathe air into lungs; also called inspiration; (2) to introduce drugs into body by inhaling them; route for administering general anesthesia by breathing it in

Front 90

intraoperative

Back 90

period of time during surgery

Front 91

invasive disease

Back 91

tendency of malignant tumor to spread to immediately surrounding tissue and organs

Front 92

immunotherapy

Back 92

strengthening of patient's immune system in order to attack cancerous cells

Front 93

kleptomania

Back 93

impulse control disorder in which patient is unable to refrain from stealing;

Front 94

lithium

Back 94

special category of drug used successfully to calm patients who suffer from bipolar disorder (depression alternating with manic excitement)

Front 95

lateral view

Back 95

positioning patient so that side of body faces X-ray machine

Front 96

local anesthesia

Back 96

substance that produces a loss of sensation in one localized part of body; patient remains conscious when this type of anesthetic is used; administered either topically or via subcutaneous route

Front 97

laser surgery

Back 97

use of controlled beam of light for cutting, hemostasis, or tissue destruction