Spinal Cord

Front 1

Enlargements of spinal cord are caused by

Back 1

Amount of gray matter in segment

Front 2

Cervical enlargement

Back 2

Nerves of shoulders and upper limbs

Front 3

Lumbar enlargement

Back 3

Nerves of pelvis and lower limbs

Front 4

What does a dorsal root carry?

Back 4

Incoming sensory info (Sensory-Afferent-Dorsal) SAD

Front 5

What does a ventral root carry?

Back 5

Outgoing motor commands (Motor-Efferent-Ventral) MEV

Front 6

Dura mater

Back 6

Outer layer of spinal cord

Hint 6

Front 7

Arachnoid mater

Back 7

Middle layer

Front 8

Pia mater

Back 8

Innermost layer

Front 9

Epidural space

Back 9

Between spinal dura mater and walls of vertebral canal; anesthetic injection site

Front 10

Subarachnoid space

Back 10

Between arachnoid mater and pia mater; filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Front 11

Location of anesthetic injection site

Back 11

Epidural space

Front 12

What method withdraws CSF?

Back 12

Spinal tap

Front 13

Spinal tap

Back 13

Method to withdraw cerebrospinal fluid

Front 14

Denticulate ligaments

Back 14

Extend from pia mater to due mater; stabilize side to side movement

Front 15

What prevents horizontal movement of the spine?

Back 15

Denticulate ligaments

Front 16

White matter

Back 16

(Superficial) contains myelin at ed and un myelin a ted axons

Front 17

Gray matter

Back 17

Around central canal of spinal cord; has unmyelinated axons

Front 18

Posterior gray horns

Back 18

Contain somatic and visceral sensory nuclei (SAD)

Front 19

Anterior gray horns

Back 19

Contain somatic motor nuclei (VEM)

Front 20

Gray commissures

Back 20

Next to central canal; axons that cross from one side of cord to the other before reaching gray matter

Front 21

Sensory nuclei

Back 21

Dorsal, connect to peripheral receptors

Front 22

Motor nuclei

Back 22

Ventral, connect to peripheral effectors

Front 23

Ascending tracts

Back 23

Carry sensory info upward

Front 24

Descending tracts

Back 24

Carry motor info commands to spinal cord downward

Front 25

3 connective tissue layers of peripheral nerve

Back 25

Epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

Front 26

Epineurium

Back 26

Outer layer of nerve

Front 27

Perineurium

Back 27

Middle layer, divides nerve into fascicles (axon bundles)

Front 28

Endoneurium

Back 28

Inner layer, surrounds individual axons

Front 29

Nerve plexus

Back 29

Complex interwoven networks of nerve fibers

Front 30

What is formed from blended fibers of ventral rami of adjacent spinal nerves?

Back 30

Nerve plexus

Front 31

Cervical plexus

Back 31

Includes ventral rami of spinal nerves c1-c5; innervates neck, thoracic cavity, diaphragmatic muscles (phrenic nerve)

Front 32

Phrenic nerve

Back 32

Controls diaphragm

Front 33

Brachial plexus

Back 33

Includes c5-t1; innervates pectoral girdle and upper limbs (axillary, musculotaneous, median, radial, ulnar)

Front 34

Axillary nerve

Back 34

Innervates Deltoid and teres major

Front 35

Musculotaneous nerve

Back 35

Innervates anterior arm muscles

Front 36

Median nerve

Back 36

Innervates anterior forearm muscles

Front 37

Radial nerve

Back 37

Innervates Posterior arm and forearm muscles

Front 38

Ulnar nerve

Back 38

Innervates hand muscles

Front 39

Lumbar plexus

Back 39

T12-L4; innervates anterior thigh (femoral, obturator)

Front 40

Femoral nerve

Back 40

Innervates anterior thigh muscles

Front 41

Obturator nerve

Back 41

Innervates adductor muscles

Front 42

Sacral plexus

Back 42

L4-S4; innervates Posterior thigh, leg and foot (pudental, sciatic, fibular, tibial)

Front 43

Pudental nerve

Back 43

Innervates pelvic floor

Front 44

Sciatic nerve

Back 44

Innervates thigh, leg and foot; branches into fibular and tibial nerves

Front 45

Fibular nerve

Back 45

Innervates anterolateral leg and foot

Front 46

Tibial nerve

Back 46

Innervates Posterior thigh, posterior leg, foot

Front 47

Neuronal pools

Back 47

Functional groups of interconnected (inter)neurons; may stimulate or depress parts of the brain or spinal cord, each w/ limited input sources and output destinations

Front 48

Neural reflex

Back 48

Rapid, automatic responses to specific stimuli

Front 49

Reflex arc

Back 49

Wiring of a reflex; begins at receptor, ends at peripheral effector

Front 50

5 steps in a neural reflex

Back 50

1. Arrival of stimulus, activation of receptor (physcial or chemical changes)

2. Activation of sensory neuron (graded depolarization)

3. Info processing at postsynaptic cell (triggered by neurotransmitters)

4. Activation of motor neuron (action potential)

5. Response of peripheral effector (triggered by neurotransmitters)

Front 51

Structures in neural reflex

Back 51

Receptor, sensory neuron, postsynaptic cell, motor neuron, peripheral effector

Front 52

Innate reflex

Back 52

(Formed before birth) basic neural reflexes

Front 53

Acquired reflex

Back 53

(Learned motor patterns) rapid automatic

Front 54

Monosynaptic reflex

Back 54

Sensory neuron synapses directly onto motor neuron

Front 55

Postsynaptic reflex l

Back 55

At least one neuron between sensory neuron and motor neuron

Front 56

Patellar reflex

Back 56

Monosynaptic reflex, stretch reflex, have least delay between sensory input and motor output

Front 57

Reciprocal inhibition

Back 57

The stretch reflex of antagonistic (extensor) muscle must be inhibited by interneurons in spinal cord

Front 58

What outcome of the Babinski reflex indicted CNS injury?

Back 58

Plantar reflex => curling of toes = seen as healthy; absence of descending inhibition => lack of plantar reflex = injury in CNS