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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Motivation |
Set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward some goal. Physiological and psychological reasons we do certain things at certain times. |
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Emotion |
Subjective feeling that includes arousal (heart pounding), cognition (thoughts, values, and expectations), and expressive behaviors (joy, pride, satisfaction) |
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Instinct theory |
Theory suggesting that we are motivated by inborn, genetic factors. Humans have instincts, such as repulsion, curiosity, and self assertiveness. |
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Instinct |
Motivation results from innate biological instincts which are unlearned responses found in almost all member of a species. |
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Drive reduction |
Motivation begins with biological need that causes a drive to behavior that will satisfy the original need and restore homeostasis. |
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Optimal arousal |
Organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain optimal level of arousal. Too little or too much diminishes performance |
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Drive |
State of tension that pushes us toward a goal. Primary-biological amd secondary-learned |
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Incentive |
Motivation results from external (positive or negative) stimuli that pull the organism in certain directions. Motivated to obtain rewards and avoid punishments. |
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Cognitive theory |
Motivation is affected by expectations and attributions, or how we interpret or think about our own or other's actions. Expectancies: what we anticipate or assume will happen. Motivation driven by what we expect to receive. |
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs |
Lower biological motives must be met before advancing to higher needs. Physiological--safety--belonging and love-esteem--self actualization. All humans need to feel competent, to win approval and recognition, and to sense that they have achieved something. |
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Optimal arousal and yerkes-dodson law |
An arousal which claims that a degree of physiological arousal helps performance, but only until a point. The optimal level of arousal depends on the difficulty or ease of the task. Each person has an optimal level of stimulation we like to maintain which dictates type of activities we participate in. |
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Insulin |
Secreted by pancreas- controls blood glucose |
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Leptin |
Secreted by fat cells. When abundant causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hungers |
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Orexin |
Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus |
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Ghrelin |
Secreted by empty stomach; sends "im hungry" signals to the brain |
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PYY |
Digestive tract hormone sends "im not hungry" signals to the brain |
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Set point theory |
States that the hypothalamus wants to maintain a certain optimum body weight. When we drop below that weight, the hypothalamus tells us we should eat and lowers our metabolic rate. Hypothalamus tells us to stop eating when that set point is reached, and increases metabolic rate to burn excess |
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Eating behavior: biological |
Hypothalamic centers in the brain monitoring appetite. Appetite hormones, hunger pangs, weight set points, attraction to sweet and salty tastes |
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Eating behavior: sociological |
Culturally learned taste preferences. Responses to cultural prefrences or appearances |
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Eating behaviors: Psychological |
-Sight and smell of food -variety of foods available -memory of time elapsed since last meal -stress and moods -food unit size |
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Cannon and washburns technology (stomach) |
Experiment for measuring internal factors in hunger. There was a correlation between stomach contractions and feelings of hunger, but it was inadequate to equate that to causation. Variable not controlled well enough. Sensory info from stomach mot necessary for hunger. - receptors in the stomach and intestines detect levels of nutrients. Parts in gastrointestinal ttacy release chemicals that play a role in hunger. |
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Biochemistry of hunger |
Brain and other parts produce and are affected by neurotransmitters, hormones, enzymes, and other chemicals that affect hunger and satiety. |
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Thermogenesis |
Heat generated in response to food ingestion |
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Lateral hypothalamus |
Stimulated eating. When destroyed in lab rats, they starved unless they were force-fed |
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Ventromidial hypothalamus |
Created feelings of satiation amd signaled rats to stop eating. When destroyed, they overate |
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Mechanisms in hunger regulation (5) |
-When glucose and nutrients are low, liver sends messages to the brain that increase hunger -fat cells produce hormone leptin, which provide the hypothalamus with info. Low leptin=increase hunger -environmental cues send messages to brain, increases saliva,digestive juices, and insulin -stomach and intestines send hungry or full messages to hypothalamus -pancreas releases insulin, hormone necessary for cells to extract glucose from blood |
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Obesity |
Environment, overeating and not enough exercise Thermogenesis helps prevent it, burns calories more effectively, higher metabolic rate Genes: heritability ranges between 30-70% |
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Anorexia nervosa |
Eating disorder characterized by a severe weight loss resulting from self imposed starvation and obsessive fear of obesity. Distorted body image, need for control, use of dangerous weight loss methods, denial of low weight. |
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Bulimia |
Eating disorder involving consumption of large quantities of food, followed by vomiting, extreme exercise, and or laxative Weight fluctuations, binge eating, purging behavior, self evaluation Possible causes: low levels of neurotransmitters, genetic or hormone disorders. |
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Achievement motivation |
High need for achievement, key to understanding why people work so hard. Desire to excel, especially in competition with others. Achievement orientation appears to be largely learned in childhood, interactions with parents. Highly motivated kids have parents who encourage independence and give rewards. Cultural values in stories |
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Thematic apperception test |
Series of ambiguous pictures, researchers asked participants to make up a story about it. |
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3 needs theory: (nAch) |
David McClelland. - strong need to set and accomplish challenging goals -Takes calculated risks to accomplish goals -likes to receive regular feedback on their progress and achievements -likes to work alone |
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3 needs theory: nAff |
Affiliation -wants to be liked, goes with what the group wants -wants to belong to a group -favors collaboration over competetition -doesn't like high risk or uncertainty |
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3 needs theory: (nPow) |
Power -wants to control & influence others -likes to win arguments -enjoys competition and winning -enjoys status and recognition |
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Biological (arousal) |
Fear comes from physiological reactions, including increased heart rate and blood pressure, dilated pupils, perspiration, dry mouth.
Brain: cerebral cortex serves as body's ultimate control and information processing center
Limbic system: electrical stimulation can produce and automatic shame rage. Amygdala play a role in sending signals to other areas of the brain
False alarms: when sensory input is capable of eliciting emotions arrive in the thalamus, it semds messages along 2 independent pathways |
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Autonomic nervous system |
Produces obvious sign of emotional arousal, caused by interconnections between ANS and various glands and muscles |
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Combined thinking |
Thoughts, values, and expectations help determine help determinethe type and intensity of emotional responses. Self report techniques leave room for participant bias. |
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Behavioral |
We often express emotions through nonverbal facets such as gestures, body position, touch, eye gaze, and tone of voice. Duchenne smile |
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James lange |
Subjective experience of emotion results from psychological chamges, rather than being their cause. Each emotion is physiologically distinct. 1. You experience an internal physiological change in response to a stimulus 2. Brain interprets the physiological change 3. You feel a specific 4. Demonstrate observable |
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Facial feedback theory |
Sensory input is first eouted to subcortical areas that activate facial movements. 1. Muscles in face move to form expression 2. Brain interprets muscle movement 3. You feel an emotion 4. Demonstrate observable behavior Darwins theory supports it because it propoaed that freely expressing emotions intensifies it (critique against itReciprocal- seeing a facial expression prompts a change in face muscles. Which may cause someone to feel someone elses emotions |
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Cannon-bard theory |
Emotions and physiological changes occur simultaneously, and all emotions are physiologically similar.
1. Stimulus activates hypothalamus 2. Hypothalamus sends messages to cerebral cortex and body organs 3. You feel an emotion and body reacts simultaneously
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Zajonc theory |
Emotions are basic to human existence and is separate from cognition. Emotional reactions involves no deliberate thinking. 1. You experience physiological stimulation 2. You have an emotional reaction 3. Emotion influences thought |
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Lazarus theory |
Although emotional response does not require conscious thought, there is minimal amount of consciois thinking involved, which creates an initial cognitive response.
1. You experience physiological stimulation 2. Unconscious thought assesses the nature od stimulation 3. Reaction based on the assessment |
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2 factors theory |
Schachter and singer theory that emotion depends on physiological arousal and cognitive labellomg of that arousal (look towards external rather than internal to differentiate and label emotions. Connects james lange theory that arousal causes subjective experience of an emotion, cannon bard states that all emotions are physiologically similar |
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Overjustification effect |
States that if individuals are given too much extrinsic motivation to perform a task, their intrinsic motivation declines |
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Extrinsic motivation |
Motivation based on external rewards or threats of punishment, learned through interaction with the environment |
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Intrinsic motivation |
Motivation resulting from internal, personal satisfaction from a task or an activity, with no ulterior motive or need for any external reward. Fulfill our expectations and beliefs. |
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Polygraph |
Instrument that measures sympathetic arousal to detect emotional arousal, supposedly reflects lying versus truthfulness. Some are nervous telling the truth, others calm when lying |
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Emotional intelligence |
Golemans term for the ability to know and manage ones emotions, empathize with others, and maintain satisfying relationships. Combines the 3 components of emotions ( cognitive, physiological, and behavioural) |
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EI characteristics |
Empathetic, magnamity (high minded, generous spirit, refused to bear grudges), self control, humor |
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Growth mindset |
Willingness to try and use failure as a chance to learn and grow. Belief that potential is more than a promise, it's an opportunity to expand abilities. |
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Fixed mindset |
Tend to be rigid, arrogant, argumentative (symptom if first two), may have a belief that they are gifted and may possess a fear of failure. |
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Misattribution of arousal |
Physiological aroused individuals make mistaken inferences about what is causing the arousal. Donald dutton and arthur aron tested how participants reacted to an attractive researcher on a scary suspension bridge compared to a stable ground. |
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Cultural similarities |
Happiness, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger Each of these are believed to be expressed and recognized in essentially the same way in all cultures. |
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Role of Evolution |
Darwin proposed that expression of emotions evolved for survival and naturaly selection. Fear helps avoid danger, and anger useful when fighting |
