Ch 12

Front 1

personality

Back 1

refers to the enduring patterns of thought, feeling, motivation and behavior that are expressed in different circumstances

Front 2

structure of personality

Back 2

the way personality processes are organized

Front 3

individual differences

Back 3

the way people vary in their personality characteristics

Front 4

psychodynamics focuses on what?

Back 4

unconscious influences such as wishes and fears

Front 5

topographic model

Back 5

divided into conscious, preconscious and unconscious mental processes

Front 6

ambivalence

Back 6

conflicting feelings or motives

Front 7

conflict

Back 7

a tension or battle between opposing forces

Front 8

compromise formations

Back 8

try to maximize fulfillment of conflicting motives simultaneously

Front 9

drive or instinct model

Back 9

people have two instincts sex and aggression

Front 10

developmental model

Back 10

purposes a series of psychosexual stages in the development of the libido

Front 11

oral stage

Back 11

pleasure is focused on the mouth, children wrestle with dependence, and difficulties can result in oral fixations in the personality

Front 12

anal stage

Back 12

children derive pleasure from the anus, wrestle with issues of compliance, orderliness, and cleanliness, and difficulties can result in anal fixations in the personality.

Front 13

phallic stage

Back 13

children derive pleasure from the genitals and their personalities develop through identification with others.

Front 14

oedipus complex

Back 14

in which they want an exclusive relationship with their opposite-sex parent, leading to castration complex in boys and penis envy in girls

Front 15

latency stage

Back 15

children repress their sexual impulses

Front 16

genital stage

Back 16

they develop mature sexuality and a capacity for emotional intimacy

Front 17

structural model

Back 17

focuses on conflict among the id (the reservoir of instincts or desires)

Front 18

ego

Back 18

structure that tries to balance desire, reality, and morality

Front 19

defense mechanisms

Back 19

such as repression, denial, projection, reaction formation, sublimation, rationalization and passive aggression

Front 20

object relations

Back 20

theories stress the role of representations of self and others in interpersonal functioning and the role of early experience in shaping the capacity for intimacy

Front 21

relational theories

Back 21

argue that for all individuals adaptation is primarily adaptation to other people

Front 22

life history methods

Back 22

case studies which study individuals in-depth over extended time

Front 23

projective tests

Back 23

such as Rorschach inkblot test and TAT (thematic apperception test) to attempt to tap into implicit (or unconscious) processes

Front 24

cognitive

Back 24

social theories developed from behaviorists and cognitive roots and consider learning, beliefs, expectations, and information processing central to personality

Front 25

personal constructs

Back 25

mental representations of the people, places, things, and events that are significant to a person—substantially influence one’s attention interpretation and responses

Front 26

life tasks

Back 26

conscious, self- defined problems people try to solve

Front 27

expectancies

Back 27

expectations relevant to desired outcomes, influence the actions they take

Front 28

behavior-outcome expectancy

Back 28

is a belief that a certain behavior will lead to a particular outcome

Front 29

self-efficacy expectancy

Back 29

a person's conviction that he or she can perform the actions necessary to produce a desired outcome

Front 30

competence

Back 30

one's actual skill used for solving problems

Front 31

self-regulation

Back 31

setting goals, evaluating one’s performance, and adjusting one’s behavior to achieve these goals in the context of ongoing feedback

Front 32

traits

Back 32

emotional, cognitive, and behavioral tendencies that constitute underlying personality dimensions on which individuals vary

Front 33

extraversion

Back 33

tendency to be sociable, active, and willing to take risks

Front 34

neuroticism

Back 34

emotional stability or negative affect and willing to take risks

Front 35

psychoticism

Back 35

tendency to be aggressive, egocentric, impulsive and antisocial

Front 36

neuroticism

Back 36

emotional stability or negative affect

Front 37

Five-Factor Model (FFM)

Back 37

openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism—each of which includes several lower order factors or facets. Many of these factors appear to be cross-culturally universal

Front 38

Humanistic approaches

Back 38

focuses on distinctively human aspects of personality

Front 39

person-centered approach

Back 39

aims at understanding individuals phenomenal experience

Front 40

true self

Back 40

a core aspect of being untainted by the demands of those around them

Front 41

false self

Back 41

by the desire to conform to social demands

Front 42

self-concept

Back 42

diverges too much from the individuals ideal self

Front 43

ideal self

Back 43

the persons view of what he should be like

Front 44

actualizing tendency

Back 44

the desire to fulfill the full range of human needs from the more basic ones to expressing ones true self

Front 45

existential

Back 45

people have no fixed nature and must essentially create themselves.

Front 46

existential dread

Back 46

the recognition that life has no absolute value or meaning and that we all face death

Front 47

heritability

Back 47

refers to the proportion of variance in a particular trait that is due to genetic influences

Front 48

the culture pattern approach

Back 48

views culture like a "sculptor" carving personalities from peoples biological "slabs"

Front 49

interactionist approaches

Back 49

view causality as multidirectional, with personality, economics, and culture mutually influencing one another