Ch 10 - Photosynthesis

Front 1

What type of energy does photosynthesis capture and what is it converted to?

Back 1

Light to chemical

Hint 1

p 176

Front 2

What are the producers of the biosphere?

Back 2

Plants and other autotrophs

Hint 2

p 176

Front 3

What do autotrophs use to produce organic molecules?

Back 3

CO2

Hint 3

p 176

Front 4

How are chemotrophs different from autotrophs?

Back 4

Chemotrophs use chemical energy and autotrophs use light energy.

Hint 4

p 176

Front 5

What are the 2 modes of nutrition, and which one is the major one?

Back 5

Autotroph (major)
Heterotroph

Hint 5

p 176

Front 6

Where does photosynthesis occur in a plant?

Back 6

Leaves; chloroplast; thylakoid membrane

Hint 6

p 178

Front 7

What is the green pigment located in chloroplasts?

Back 7

Chlorophyll

Hint 7

p 178

Front 8

How does CO2 enter the leaf?

Back 8

Stomata

Hint 8

p 178

Front 9

How does O2 exit the leaf?

Back 9

Stomata

Hint 9

p 178

Front 10

Where does chlorophyll reside?

Back 10

Thylakoid membranes

Hint 10

p 178

Front 11

How are the products of photosynthesis distributed amongst the reactants?

Back 11

CO2:
C - Glucose
O - Glucose and Water
H2O:
H - Glucose and water
O - Oxygen

Hint 11

6CO2 + 12H20 » C6H12)6 + 6H2O + 6O2

Front 12

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

Back 12

6CO2 + 6H2O » C6H12O6 + 6O2

Hint 12

p 179

Front 13

How many repetitions of photosynthesis is needed to produce Glucose?

Back 13

6

Hint 13

p 179

Front 14

Where is the O2 given off by plants derived from?

Back 14

H2O

Hint 14

p 179

Front 15

Why does the plant split water?

Back 15

To give H to Glucose and water
& produce O2 as a by product

Hint 15

p 179

Front 16

What are the 2 stages of photosynthesis?

Back 16

1. Light reactions
2. Calvin cycle

Hint 16

p 180

Front 17

Where does the electrons and hydrogen transferred to NADP+ come from?

Back 17

Water.

Hint 17

p 180

Front 18

What is the primary function of NADP+?

Back 18

Temporarily stores the energized electrons from water.

Hint 18

p 180

Front 19

What is the electron acceptor of the light reactions?

Back 19

NADP+

Hint 19

p 180

Front 20

What is the difference between NAD+ and NADP+?

Back 20

NADP+:
-phosphates that offer free energy.
-Photosynthesis
-Anabolic
NAD+:
-Cellular Respiration
-Catabolic

Hint 20

p 180

Front 21

What drives the generation of ATP in photosynthesis?

Back 21

Photophosphorylation

Hint 21

p 180

Front 22

What 2 compounds form from light energy being converted to chemical energy?

Back 22

NADPH (electrons) & ATP (energy currency)

Hint 22

p 180

Front 23

Where does the CO2 come from to begin the Calvin Cycle?

Back 23

Air

Hint 23

p 180

Front 24

What is the term used for incorporating CO2 into organic molecules?

Back 24

Carbon fixation

Hint 24

p 181

Front 25

What gets reduced in the Calvin Cycle?

Back 25

Carbon (from the CO2) to make Carbohydrates (sugar)

Hint 25

p 181

Front 26

What provides the reducing power in the Calvin Cycle?

Back 26

NADP

Front 27

What provides the chemical energy to convert CO2 to Carbohydrates?

Back 27

ATP

Hint 27

p 181

Front 28

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?

Back 28

In the Stroma of a chloroplast

Hint 28

p 180

Front 29

What type of radiation is seen by the human eye?

Back 29

Visible Light

Hint 29

p 181

Front 30

What are the discrete particles of light?

Back 30

Photons

Hint 30

p 181

Front 31

What color in the visible light spectrum has the highest radiation?

Back 31

Red (750 nm)

Hint 31

p 181

Front 32

As the wavelength of light decrease, the amount of energy ________.

Back 32

increases
(inverse relationship)

Hint 32

p 181

Front 33

What type of radiation drives photosynthesis?

Back 33

Visible light

Hint 33

p 181

Front 34

What particles absorb visible light?

Back 34

Pigments

Hint 34

p 181

Front 35

What range do the different wavelengths of visible light encompass? (nm)

Back 35

380 (violet) to 750 (red)

Front 36

This instrument measures the fraction of light transmitted at each wavelength?

Back 36

Spectrophotometer

Hint 36

p 182

Front 37

Light can perform work in chloroplasts only if it is _______?

Back 37

Absorbed

Hint 37

p 182

Front 38

What are the 3 types of pigments extracted from chloroplasts?

Back 38

1. Chlorophyll A
2. Chlorophyll B
3. Carotenoids

Hint 38

p 183

Front 39

What color light works best for photosynthesis?

Back 39

Red and blue; green is least effective.

Hint 39

p 183

Front 40

What pigment(s) participate directly in light reactions?

Back 40

Chlorophyll A

Hint 40

p 183

Front 41

If chlorophyll B and carotenoids cannot directly participate in the light reactions, what purpose do they serve?

Back 41

Absorb light and transfer energy to chlorophyll A.

Hint 41

p 183

Front 42

What is the absorption spectrum for Chlorophyll A?

Back 42

Blue-Green

Hint 42

p 183

Front 43

What is the absorption spectrum for Chlorophyll A?

Back 43

Yellow-green

Hint 43

p 183

Front 44

What is the absorption spectrum for Carotenoids?

Back 44

Yellow-orange

Hint 44

p 183

Front 45

What is an important function of some cartenoids?

Back 45

Photoprotection: absorb and dissipate excessive light that would otherwise damage chlorophyll

Hint 45

p.183

Front 46

Where does chlorophyll, proteins and other organic molecules reside?

Back 46

Photosystems

Hint 46

p.184

Front 47

What is also known as the light gathering antenna complex?

Back 47

Photosystems

Hint 47

p.184

Front 48

What is special about the chlorophyll A molecule?

Back 48

It is located in the reaction center of the photosystem.

Hint 48

p.184

Front 49

Where does the first light-driven chemical reaction of photosynthesis occur?

Back 49

Reaction center in the photosystems of the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast.

Hint 49

p.184

Front 50

What redox reaction begins the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Back 50

The excited chlorophyll A loses electrons to the primary electron acceptor.

Hint 50

p.185

Front 51

What 2 components make up the reaction center?

Back 51

1. Primary electron acceptor
2. Chlorophyll A

Hint 51

p.184-5

Front 52

What is the reaction center chlorophyll of photosystem I known as?

Back 52

P700 (absorbs wavelengths of 700 nm)

Hint 52

p.185

Front 53

What is name of the reaction center chlorophyll of photosystem II?

Back 53

P680 (absorbs 600 nm wavelength of light)

Hint 53

p 185

Front 54

What 2 routes do electrons flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis, and which one is predominant?

Back 54

Cyclic and Noncyclic (predominant)

Hint 54

p. 185

Front 55

Why does each pigment have a unique absorption spectrum?

Back 55

They absorb photons corresponding to specific wavelengths.

Hint 55

p 184

Front 56

What term is used to describe ATP synthesis in photosynthesis?

Back 56

Photophosphorylation

Hint 56

p 186

Front 57

How many electrons are required to reduce NADP+?

Back 57

2

Hint 57

p 186

Front 58

What is the main difference between noncyclic electron flow and cyclic electron flow?

Back 58

Noncyclic:
Uses Photosystem II & I
Products are O2, NADPH, ATP

Cyclic:
Only uses Photosystem I
Products are ATP only.

Hint 58

p 187

Front 59

What is the purpose of noncyclic electron flow?

Back 59

It produces the extra ATP required for the Calvin cycle that consumes more ATP than NADPH.

Hint 59

p 187

Front 60

What does ATP and NADPH offer the Calvin Cycle?

Back 60

ATP - Chemical energy
NADPH - Reducing Power

Both to synthesize sugar in the Calvin cycle

Hint 60

p 187

Front 61

What regulates which pathway the electrons will take through the light reactions?

Back 61

[NADPH] in the chloroplast

Hint 61

p 187

Front 62

What mechanism do chloroplasts and mitochondria use to generate ATP?

Back 62

Chemiosmosis

Hint 62

p 188

Front 63

What are cytochromes and where are they found?

Back 63

Iron-containing proteins found in chloroplasts and mitochondria.

Hint 63

p 188

Front 64

What is an important difference between phosphorylation in chloroplasts and mitochondria?

Back 64

Chloroplasts transform light energy into chemical energy to drive electrons to the top of the transport chain

Mitochondria transfers chemical energy from food molecules to ATP.

Hint 64

p 188

Front 65

Where does chemiosmosis occur in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria?

Back 65

Mitochondria: H+ protons pumped from the Matrix to the Intermembrane Space

Chloroplast: H+ protons pumped from the stroma to the Thylakoid Space.

Hint 65

p 188

Front 66

Where is NADPH and ATP produced?

Back 66

In the stroma of the Chloroplast (where the Calvin cycle takes place)

Hint 66

p 188

Front 67

Compare chemiosmosis in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts.

Back 67

Mitochondria:
Matrix (Low H+)-Inner Membrane-Intermembrane Space (High H+)

Chloroplast:
Stroma(Low H+)-Thylakoid Membrane-Thylakoid Space (High H+)

Hint 67

p 188

Front 68

Where does the electron transport chain (ETC) sit in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria?

Back 68

Chloroplasts: Thylakoid Membrane
Mitochondria: Inner Membrane

Hint 68

p 188

Front 69

In what form does Carbon enter and leave the Calvin cycle?

Back 69

Enters in CO2
Leaves in Sugar

Hint 69

p 189

Front 70

What is the carbohydrate produced directly from the Calvin cycle?

Back 70

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
(3 C sugar)

Hint 70

p 189

Front 71

How many times must the cycle turn and how many CO2 molecules are used to make one G3P sugar?

Back 71

3 times; 3 CO2

Hint 71

p 189

Front 72

What does CO2 attach to the Calvin cycle?

Back 72

Ribulose Bisphosphate (RuBP)=5 C sugar

Hint 72

p 190

Front 73

What enzyme adds CO2 to RuBp?

Back 73

Rubisco (RuBP Carboxylase)

Hint 73

p 190

Front 74

What is the most abundant protein on earth?

Back 74

Rubisco

Hint 74

p 190

Front 75

For every # molecules of CO2 there are # molecules of G3P?

Back 75

3; 6

Hint 75

p 190

Front 76

How many molecules are regenerated to make RuBP in the Calvin cycle?

Back 76

5

Hint 76

p 191

Front 77

How many times must the cycle turn and how many CO2 molecules are used to make one G3P sugar?

Back 77

3 times; 3 CO2

Hint 77

p 189

Front 78

What term is used to describe ATP synthesis in photosynthesis?

Back 78

Photophosphorylation

Hint 78

p 186

Front 79

How much ATP and NADPH are required to make one G3P molecule?

Back 79

9 ATP & 6 NADPH are consumed

Hint 79

p 191

Front 80

What process adds O2 to the Calvin cycle instead of CO2, and how much ATP and sugar is generated?

Back 80

Photorespiration; No ATP, No Sugar!

Hint 80

p 191

Front 81

How much CO2, ATP, and NADPH does the Calvin cycle use to produce one glucose molecule?

Back 81

6; 18; 12

Hint 81

p 191