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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the functionalist approach think is the broad function of emotions? what are they central to?
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to energize behavior aimed at attaining personal goals; all human activity, including cognitive processing, social behavior, and physical health
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What else do emotions contribute to, according to functionalists?
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emergence of self-awareness, which makes possible new, self-evaluative emotions.
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What do functionalists know children must do with emotions?
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learn to control them
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What happens during the first six months?
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basic emotions become clear, well-organized signals.
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What does happiness promote (in the first six months)?
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a warm, supportive parent-child bond and strengthens motor and cognitive mastery
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What are basic emotions?
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happiness, anger, sadness, fear; universal in humans and other primates, have a long history of promoting survival and can be directly inferred from facial expressions.
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What is the social smile? When?
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between 6 and 10 weeks; the parent's communication evokes a broad grin
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what is stranger anxiety?
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the most frequent expression of fear, to unfamiliar adults
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what does the "secure base" refer to?
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once wariness develops, infants use the familiar caregiver as a secure base, or point from which to explore
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what are self-conscious emotions?
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a second, higher-order set of feelings, including shame, embarassment, guilt, envy, and pride. Called s-c emotiosn because each involves injury to or enhancement of our sense of self
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When do self-conscious emotions arise? what provides the foundation for them?
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at the end of the 2nd year; self- awareness and adult instruction
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what is Emotional self-regulation?
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the strategies we use to adjust the intensity or duration of our emotional reactions to a comfortable level so we can accomplish our goals.
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By age 10, what two strategies for managing emotion to kids shift between?
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problem-centered coping and emotion-centered coping
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what is problem-centered coping?
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they appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it
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What do kids engage in when problem solving does not work?
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emotion-centered coping; which is internal, private, and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about the outcome
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when does emotional self-regulation emerge?
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as the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex develop and as caregivers sensitively assist infants in adjusting their emotional reactions
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how do children acquire more effective self-regulatory strategies?
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with motor, cognitive, and language development and warm parental guidance in understanding and controlling feelings
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What is true of children who experience negative emotion intensely?
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find it harder to inhibit feelings and shift attention away from disturbing events
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What happens in middle childhood with respect to emotional self-regulation?
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children attain a mental level of emotional self-communication, which helps them reflect on and manage their feelings
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what are emotional display rules? when?
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rules all societies have that specify when, where, and how it is appropriate to express emotions; young preschoolers
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What do parents encourage with respect to emotional display rules? when?
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encourage children-especially boys-to suppress negative emotion. from infancy on
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What happens in middle childhood with respect to emotional display rules?
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children understand the value of display rules in ensuring social harmony
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what is social referencing? when?
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involves relying on another person's emotional reaction to appraise an uncertain situation; by 8 to 10 months
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what happens around the middle of the first year to infants in terms of emotional understanding?
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respond to emotional expressions as organized, meaningful wholes
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When do toddlers begin to apprecieate that others' emotional reactions may differ from their own?
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by the middle of the second year
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what do preschoolers understand in terms of emotion? what happens in middle childhood?
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many causes, consequences, and behavioral signs of emtotion. the cpacity to consider conflicting cues when explaining others' feelings improves, along with an appreciation of mixed emotions.
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what are excellent contexts for learning about emotions?
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warm parental conversations about emotions and interactions with siblings and friends, especially sociodramatic play
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what does empathy involve? what does it motivate?
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a complex interaction of cognition and effect: the ability to detect different emotions, to take another's eomtional perspective, and to feel with that person, or respond emotionally in a similar way; prosocial, or altruistic behavior
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what is prosocial/altruistic behavior?
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actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self
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what is sympathy?
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feelings of concern or sorrow for another's plight
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What can empathy sometimes escalate into, instead of leading to sympathy and resulting acts of kindness and helpfulness?
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personal distress
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When do toddlers begin to empathize?
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as they develop self-awareness
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what supports an increase in empathy in childhood and adolescence?
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gains in language, emotional understanding, and perspective taking
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What kind of children are more likely to move from emapthy to sympathetic, prosocial behavior?
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children who are sociable, assertive, and good at regulating emotion
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What kind of parents promote development of empathy and sympathy?
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warm parents who encourage emotional expressiveness, show empathic concern, and help their child regulate angry feelings
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what is temperament?
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early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation.
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what is reactivity?
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refers to variations in quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor action
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what is self-regulation?
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strategies that modify reactivity
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What three types of children did Thomas and Chess's New York Longitudinal study with nine dimensions yield? %?
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easy child (40%), difficult child (10%), slow-to-warm-up child (15%)
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how is the easy child?
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quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences
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how is the difficult child?
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has irregular daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely
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how is the slow-to-warm-up child?
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is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli; is negative in mood, and adjusts slowly to new experiences
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what is effortful control?
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the self-regulatory dimension of temperament, invovles voluntarily supressing a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response
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what do inhibited/shy children do?
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react negatively to and withdraw form novel stimulii
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what do uninhbitied or sociable children do?
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display positive emotion to and approach new stimuli
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What goodness-of-fit modle by Thomas and Chess do?
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explain how temperament and environment together can produce favorable outcomes. Goodness of fit involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning
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what do Rothbart's dimensions of temperament represent?
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three underlying components: emotion, attention, and action
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what do inviduals differ in according to Rothbart?
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not only in their reactivty on each dimension, but also in effortful control
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How is temperament often assessed?
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parental reports
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what are the pos and negs of laboratory observations>
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avoid the subjectivity of parental reports and allow researchers to control children's experiences, but the unfamiliar setting introduces other inaccuracies.
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what has psyschophysiological research mostly focused on to distinguish temperamental styles?
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inhibited/shy vs. unhbitie/sociable children
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When are long term predictions for early temperament best achieved?
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after age 3, when styles of responding are better established
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Is temperament nature or nurture (evidence)?
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Although kinship studies indicate that termperament is moderately heritable, environment also has a powerful effect
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What influences cotnribute to temperament?
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both shared environmental influences and nonshared influenes-evident in parents' tendency to emphasize each dhild's unique qualities
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What can help difficult, shy, and highly active children achieve more adaptive functioning?
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parenting practices that create a good fit with the child's temperament
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what is attachment?
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the strong, affectionate tie we have with special people in our lives that leads us to experience pleasure when we interact with tehm and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress
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What is the most widely accepted view of attachment?
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Bowlby's ethological theory of attachment,views babies as biologically prepared to contribute to ties to their caregivers, which promote survival by ensuring both safety and competence
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What are the four phases in which attachment develops?
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Preattachment phase (birth to 6 weeks), "attachment-in-the-making" (6 weeks to 6-8 months), "clear-cut" attachment (6-8 months to 18mos-2 years), and formation of a reciprocal relationship (18months-2 years and on)
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what is separation anxiety? when?
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becoming upset when the adult on whom they have come to rely leaves; around 6-8 months
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what is an internal working model?
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set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures, their likelihood of providing support during times of stress, and the self's interaction with those figures
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What is a siwdely used laboratory technique for measuring the quality of attachment between 1 and 2 years of age?
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the Strange Situation
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Who designed the Strange Situation? what measure?
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Mary Ainsworth; if the development of attachment goes well, infants and toddlers should use the parent as a secure base from which to explore an unfamiliar play-room. In addition, when the parent leaves, an unfamiliar adult should be less comforting than the parent. The Strange Situation takes the baby through eight episodes in which brief separations from and reunions with the caregiver occur
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what are the four types of attachment?
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secure, avoidant, resitant, and disorganized/disoriented
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what is secure attachment?
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These infants use the parents as a secure base. When separated, they may or may not cry, but if they do, it is because the parent is absent and they prefer her to the stranger. When the parent returns, they actively seek contact, and their crying is reduced immediately.
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what is avoidant attachment?
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These infants seem unresponsive to the parent when she is present. when she leaves, they usually are not distressed, and they react to the stranger in much the same way as to the parent. During reunion, they avoid or are slow to greet the parent, and when picked up, they often fail to cling.
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what is resistant attachment?
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Before separation, these infants seek closeness to the parent and often fail to explore. When the parent leaves, they are usually distressed, and on her return, they combine clinginess with angry, resistive behavior, struggling when held and sometimes hitting and pushing. Many continue to cry and cling after being picked up and cannot be comforted easily
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Disorganized/disoriented attachment
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This pattern reflects the greatest insecurity. At reunion, these infants show confused, contradictory behaviors-for example, looking away while the parent is holding them or approaching the parent with a flat, depressed emotion. Most display a dazed facial expression, and a few cry out unexpectedly after having calmed down or display odd, frozen postures
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What is another method for measuring attachment? how rate?
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the Attachment Q-Sort, kids 1-4, permits attachment to be assessed through home observations; score ranging from high to low in security
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What are four important influences on attachment security?
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Opportunity to establish a close relationship, quality of caregiving, the baby's characteristics, and family context
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what is sensitive caregiving?
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responding promptly, consistently, and appropriately to infants and holding them tenderly and carefully; moderately related to secure attachment
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what is interactional synchrony?
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a sensitively tuned "emotional dance", in which the caregiver responds to infant signals in a well-timed, rhythmic, appropriate fashion, and both partners match emotional states, especially with positive ones
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what does separation anxiety and use of parent as a secure base indicate?
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that a clear-cut attachment bond has been formed
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How do infants contribute to attachment?
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a set of built-in behaviors encourages the parent to remain close to the baby
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When does separation anxiety decline?
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with preschoolers, as they better understand the parents' coming and going
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Out of early caregiving experiences, what do children construct?
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internal working modle that serves as a guide for all future close relationships
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When is attachment usually secure and stable?
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for infants reared in middle-SES families with favorable life conditions
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What negatively affects attachment stability and security?
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low SES and serious family problems
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What influences the meaning of attachment patterns?
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cultural conditions
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How does caregiving affect attachment?
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can override the impact of infant characteristics, including temperament
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What, besides sensitive caregiving, also separate the experiences of secure from insecure babies?
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Interactional synchrony
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What are the strongest parental influences on attachment security?
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nonshared experiences, in which parents adjust their caregiving to each child's individual needs
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what other aspect of parents is related to children's attachment security?
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quality of parent's internal working model
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What is true of parents' internal working models?
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they are reconstructed memories; thus the impact of parents' childhood experiences on attachment with their own children is indirect and affected by many factors
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What does father's sensitive caregiving predict (like mothers)?
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secure attachment
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How do fathers build secure attachments with their babies?
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devote more time than mothers to stimulating, playful interaction
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What is crucial in deterimining whether attachment is linked to later development?
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continuity of parental care
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Can children recover from an insecure attachment history?
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yes, if caregiving improves, but secure attachment in infancy launches the parent-child relationship on a positive path, increasing the likelihood of continued parental sensitivity
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What is crucially importantity on the impact of child care and daily separations of infant from parent?
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the quality of care
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What can be the outcome of hours in medicoore to poor-quality nonparental care?
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contributes to insecure attachment and less favorable cognitive, emotional, and social development
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What happens when child-care settings meet professionally accepted standards for developmentally appropriate practice?
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children's learning opportunities and the warmth, senstivity, and stability of their caregivers are especially high
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What can serve as effective early intervention for children whose development is at risk?
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good child care
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what is developmentally appropriate practice?
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standards devised by the U.S. National Association for the Education of Young Children, specify program characteristics that meet the developmental and individual needs of young children, based on current research and consensus among experts
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what happens in the second year, with advances in cognitive and motor development? (basic emotions)
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angry expressions increase, sadness also occurs but is less common than anger
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