Ch 10

Front 1

study of muscles

Back 1

myology

Front 2

functions of muscles

Back 2

movement; stability; control of body openings and passages; heat production

Front 3

thin sleeve of loose connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber; creates room for blood capillaries and nerve fibers to reach every muscle fiber ensuring that no muscle cell is w/out stimulation and nourishment

Back 3

endomysium

Front 4

perimyseum: thicker connective tissue sheath that wraps muscle fibers together in bundles called:

Back 4

fassicles

Front 5

a fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire muscle .

Back 5

epimyseum

Front 6

sheet of connective tissue that seperates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from each other and from the subcutaneous tissue.

Back 6

fascia

Front 7

muscles that are thick in the middle and tapered at each end. ex: biceps brachii

Back 7

fusiform muscles

Front 8

muscles that have a fairly uniform width and parallel fasciles ex: rectus abdominis

Back 8

parallel muscles

Front 9

fan shaped muscles that are borad at the orgiin and converging toward a narrower insertion. ex: pectoralis major

Back 9

triangular (convergent) muscles

Front 10

feather shaped muscles. can be uni- or bi-. ex:rectus femoris

Back 10

pennate muscles

Front 11

muscles that form rings around certain body openings

Back 11

circular muscles/ sphincters

Front 12

muscle attachment where the muscle ends and gap is bridged by a tendon

Back 12

indirect attachment

Front 13

attachment of muscle to bone is bridged by spanned collagen fibers.

Back 13

direct attachment

Front 14

bony site of muscle attachment at the relatively stationary end is called

Back 14

origin

Front 15

the muscle attachment site at its more mobile end is called its

Back 15

insertion

Front 16

the thick middle region of muscle is called the

Back 16

belly

Front 17

the muscle that produces most of the force during a particular action is called

Back 17

the prime mover/ agonist

Front 18

a muscle that aids the prime mover

Back 18

synergist

Front 19

a muscle that opposes the prime mover

Back 19

antagonist

Front 20

muscles that act on opposite sides of a joint

Back 20

an antagonist pair

Front 21

a muscle that prevents a bone from moving

Back 21

fixator

Front 22

a muscle is entirely contained within a region, having both its insertion and origin there; ex: tongue, back, foot

Back 22

intrinsic muscle

Front 23

muscle that acts upon a region but has its origin elsewhere; ex:fingers are moved by muscles of the forearms

Back 23

extrinsic muscle.

Front 24

the ____ of a muscle refers to the identity of the nerve that stimulates it

Back 24

innervation

Front 25

muscles are innervated by 2 groups of nerves. what are they?

Back 25

spinal nerves and cranial nerves

Front 26

what muscle elevates eyebrows & wrinkles skin of forehead?

Back 26

frontalis

Front 27

what muscle retracts the scalp; fixes gale aponeurotica so frontalis can act on eyebrows?

Back 27

occipitalis

Front 28

what muscle elevates upper eyelid and opens the eye

Back 28

levator palpebrae superioris

Front 29

what muscle draws eyebrows medially and downward in frowning and concentration & squint?

Back 29

corrugator supercilii

Front 30

what muscle widens nostrils?

Back 30

nasalis

Front 31

the point of convergence of muscles of the face just lateral to each angle of the lips.

Back 31

modiolus

Front 32

elevates and everts upper lip when sad or serious

Back 32

levator labii superioris

Front 33

elevates angle of mouth as in smiling

Back 33

levator anguli oris

Front 34

draws angle of mouth upward and laterally in laughing

Back 34

zygomaticus major

Front 35

elevates upper lip exposes uppper teeth in smiling

Back 35

zygomaticus minor

Front 36

draws angle of mouth laterally in expressions of laughing, horror, or disdain

Back 36

risorius

Front 37

draws angle of mouth laterally and downward in opening mouth or sad expressions

Back 37

depressor anguli oris

Front 38

draws lower lip downward and laterally in chewing

Back 38

depressor labii inferioris

Front 39

elevates and protrudes lower lip in drinking, pouting, and wrinkles skin of chin

Back 39

mentalis

Front 40

compresses cheek against teeth and gums.

Back 40

buccinator

Front 41

draws lower lip downward in expressions of horror or surprise, may aid in opening mouth widely

Back 41

platysma

Front 42

depresses tongue

Back 42

hyoglossus

Front 43

draws tongue upwards and posteriorly

Back 43

styloglossus

Front 44

unilateral action draws tongue to one side;

Back 44

genioglossus

Front 45

elevation, retraction, and lateral and medial excursion of mandible

Back 45

temporalis muscle

Front 46

elevation of the mandible

Back 46

masseter & medial pterygoid

Front 47

chewing, swallowing, and vocalizing

Back 47

hyoid muscles

Front 48

depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed. opens mouth widely.

Back 48

digastric muscle

Front 49

depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed; elvates and protects hyoid when mandible is fixed.

Back 49

geniohyoid muscle

Front 50

forms floor of mouth.

Back 50

mylohyoid & stylohyoid

Front 51

depresses hyoid after it has been elevated

Back 51

omohyoid & sternohyoid

Front 52

during swallowing, these muscles contract in order to drive food into esophagus

Back 52

pharyngeal constrictors

Front 53

movement toward the opposite side, as when contraction of a muscle on the left turns the face to the right

Back 53

contralateral movement

Front 54

opposite of contralateral. movement of muscle to same side as the muscle

Back 54

ipsilateral movement

Front 55

hold the head erect or draw it back; extends and laterally flexes the neck

Back 55

extensors of the neck; trapezius

Front 56

acting unilaterally, produce ipsilateral felxion and slight roation of head, extend head when acting bilaterally

Back 56

splenius capitis

Front 57

when this muscle contracts it causes inspiration and when it rises it causes expiration

Back 57

diaphragm

Front 58

the muscle that runs vertically for the entire length of the back from the cranium to the sacrum.

Back 58

erector spinae

Front 59

stabilization of adjacent vertebrae, maintenance of posture, control of vertebral movement when erector spinae acts on vertebral column

Back 59

multifidus

Front 60

maintains erection of penis or clirtois by compressing deep structures of the organ and forcing blood forward into its body

Back 60

ischiocavernosus

Front 61

expel urine & semen during ejaculation. aids in erection

Back 61

bulbospongiosus

Front 62

retains urine in bladder

Back 62

external urethral sphincter

Front 63

aids in urine retention in females only

Back 63

compressor urethrae

Front 64

retains feces in rectum

Back 64

external anal sphincter

Front 65

any condition where the viscera protrude thru a weak point in the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity

Back 65

a hernia