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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Which of the 4 macromolecules are chainlike polymers? |
Carbs
Proteins Nucleic Acids |
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Define Polymer
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A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.
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Define Monomer
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A small repeating unit that is a building block of polymers.
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What kind of chemical reactions form bonds?
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Dehydration Reaction AKA Condensation Reaction
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What is the specialized protein that speeds up chemical reactions in cells?
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Enzyme
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Polymers are dissassembled to monomers by undergoing this process.
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Hydrolysis
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How many different types of amino acids are there?
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20
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This is the simplest carbohydrate.
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Monosaccaride
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What is the term for 2 monosaccharides joined by condensation?
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Disaccharide
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What is the most common monosaccharide?
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Glucose C6H12O6
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What functional groups do carbohydrates have?
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Carbonyl and hydroxyl groups.
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What 2 functions do carbohydrates serve?
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Fuel - cellular respiration
Building materials - of carbon sources (small organic molecules) |
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What happens to sugar molecules that are not immediately used?
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There monomers are added to make disaccharides and polysaccharides.
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What bond links the carbohydrate monomers together?
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Glycosidic bond
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Where is glucose found in the cell?
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Cytoplasm
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Where is cellulose found in the cell?
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In the plant cell walls.
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Where is glycogen found in the cell?
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Liver
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What is the most prevalent disaccharide?
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Sucrose
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What 2 monomers form Sucrose?
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Glucose and Fructose
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What 2 monomers form Maltose?
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Glucose and Glucose
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What 2 monomers form Lactose?
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Glucose and Galactose
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What 2 functions do polysaccharides have?
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Storage - starch & glycogen
Structure - cellulose |
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What polymer, consisting entirely of glucose monomers, is a storage polysaccharide of plants?
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Starch
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What are the 2 forms of starch and which ones are simpler?
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Amylose (simplest) and Amylopectin
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Where do plants store starch?
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In plastids in the chloroplast.
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What is the name of the polysaccharide that animals store, and where is it stored?
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Glycogen; liver and muscle cells
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What is the name of the structural polysaccharide that plants store, and where is it stored?
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Cellulose; in the plant cell walls.
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What are 3 differences between the plant polysaccharides starch and cellulose?
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Starch = storage, 1-4 linkage of alpha glucose monomers, helical shape
Cellulose = structure, 1-4 linkage of beta glucose monomers, straight shape |
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What is the name of the polysaccharide used by anthropods, and what is its function?
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Chitin; structural (exoskeleton)
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The molecular structure of this macromolecule makes it hydrophobic.
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Lipids
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List the 3 most important families of lipids.
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1. Fats
2. Phospholipids 3. Steroids |
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Why are fats hydrophobic?
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B/c they have nonpolar C-H bonds in the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acids.
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What 2 molecules make up a fat?
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1. Glycerol
2. 3 x Fatty acids |
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What are 2 differences between unsaturated fat and saturated?
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Unsaturated fat has 1+ double bonds (bent), and is liquid at room temp.
Saturated fat is solid at room temp (straight) |
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What separates a fat from a phospholipid?
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# of fatty acid tails:
fat = 3 Phopholipid = 2 |
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Where do you find phospholipids and cholesterol in a cell?
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Cell membrane
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What is the most common type of steroid?
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Cholesterol
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What are polymers of amino acids called?
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Polypeptides.
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What 2 functional groups do amino acids have?
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1. Amine
2. Carboxyl |
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What bond links amino acids to form polymers?
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Peptide Bonds
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Give an example of a transport protein and what does it transport?
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Hemoglobin; oxygen from lungs to body
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What makes one amino acid different from another?
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R-Group
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What does a protein monomer look like?
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See p.71
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What does a dipeptide look like?
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See top of p. 73
Look at NCCNCCNCCNCC backbone! |
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Draw the amino acid, GLYCINE (Gly)
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See p.72
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When do the levels of structure arise?
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When a protein consists of 2+ polypeptide chains.
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What protein carries oxygen in RBC?
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Hemoglobin.
It's a transport protein |
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What protein structure is the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide?
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Primary Structure
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Primary
Secondary Tertiary Quarternary |
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What protein structure has coils or folds and H-bonds of a polypeptide backbone to form repeating patterns?
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Secondary Structure
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Primary
Secondary Tertiary Quarternary |
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What are the 2 types of secondary protein structures?
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1. Alpha Helix
2. Beta Pleated Sheets |
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What helps to form the secondary structure?
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H bonds at regular intervals along the polypeptide backbone.
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What type of bonds?
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What catalyst is able to break peptide bonds?
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Enzyme
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What type of bond is a peptide bond? Covalent? H-Bond? Ionic?
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Covalent
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What has no bearing on the formation of a proteins secondary structure?
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R group
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What forms the secondary structure of a protein?
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The N of the amino is joined by a peptide bond with the C of the Carbonyl
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What 3 types of bonds develop between R groups, and what type of bond are they? -covalent, H, ionic?
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1. H-bonds:
-nonpolar side chains -Hydrophobic Interactions 2. Ionic Bonds (+- R-groups/side chains) 3. Disulfide Bridges (covalent) |
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What is the type of bond between 2 cysteine(cys) monomers?
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Disulfide Bridge
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What is the overall structure of a protein composed of 2+ polypeptides?
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Quaternary Structure
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What causes a protein to denature?
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1. pH level
2. Salt concentration 3. Temperature |
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What happens when a protein denatures?
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It becomes biologically inactive.
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What does denaturation mean and give an example.
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Loss of a proteins shape; egg white loses its transparency and becomes white because the proteins have denatured.
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What determines the shape of a protein?
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A change of 1 amino acid in the primary structure will change the protein.
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What determines the primary structure of a protein?
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Genes
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This is a unit of inheritance.
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Gene
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How many chromosomes, DNA molecules, and genes do human beings have?
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23 pairs of chromosomes = 23 DNA molecules = 23 x 100's/1,000's of genes
1 chromosome = 1 DNA molecule = 100's/1,000's genes |
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If nucleic acids are polymers, what are their monomers?
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Nucleotides
-Pentose Sugar -Nitrogeneous Base -Phosphate |
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What is a nucleotide?
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A pentose sugar
Nitrogeneous Base Phosphate |
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What are the 2 families of nitrogeneous bases?
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1. Pyramidines (C,T,U)
2. Purines (A,G) |
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Is Thymine found in DNA, RNA, or both?
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DNA Only
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Is Uracil found in DNA, RNA, or both?
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RNA only
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Is Guanine found in DNA, RNA, or both?
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Both DNA & RNA
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Is Adenine found in DNA, RNA, or both?
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Both DNA & RNA
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Is Cytosine found in DNA, RNA, or both?
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Both DNA & RNA
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What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?
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1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
2. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) |
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What is the genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents?
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DNA
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Where is DNA Transcribed?
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In the nucleus.
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What is DNA transcribed onto?
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mRNA
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Where does Translation take place?
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On a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
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What are the complementary base pairs?
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A - T
G - C Purine - Pyramidine |
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What type of bonds make a polynucleotide?
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Phosphodiester linkages (covalent) between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next.
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What protein structure is the overall 3D shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions among R-groups?
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Tertiary Structure
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What proteins have a quaternary structure?
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Ones with 1+ polypeptide chains.
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What bond holds the sugar to the phosphate in a nucleotide?
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Covalent bond
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