Central Nervous System

Front 1

Between the fourth and fifth week post conception, the proencephalon develops to form the cerebrum. True/False

Back 1

True. The diencephalon develops at this time as well.

Front 2

Between the fourth and sixth week post conception, the rhombencephalon develops to produce which three important structures of the adult brain?

Back 2

The pons, the medulla and the cerebellum.

Front 3

These structures essentially form the gray matter of the CNS. What are they?

Back 3

Neuron bodies and unmyelinated axons.

Front 4

What is the white matter of the CNS composed of?

Back 4

Myelinated neuronal axons

Front 5

Where is gray matter found?

Back 5

Gray matter is located in the cortex of the cerebrum and the cerebellum.

Front 6

What are the ventricles of the CNS?

Back 6

These are fluid filled chambers located within the brain.
There are 4 ventricles.

Front 7

What is the longitudinal fissure?

Back 7

This deep fissure separates the two hemispheres of the brain.

Front 8

What is the transverse fissure?

Back 8

This fissure separates the cerebrum and cerebellum.

Front 9

These regions of the cerebral cortex permit the integration and retrieval of information. What are they?

Back 9

The association areas.

Front 10

What is the function of the primary cortex?

Back 10

It moderates and controls voluntary movements. It is located in the precentral gyrus.

Front 11

What is a function of the pre-motor cortex?

Back 11

This region which is located just anterior to the primary cortex, helps control learned movements such as walking and writing.

Front 12

What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?

Back 12

This area is responsible for conveying information, such as touch, temperature to a conscious awareness.

Front 13

The visual cortex is located in which lobe?

Back 13

The occipital lobe.

Front 14

The gustatory cortex is located in the_____________________ lobes.

Back 14

parietal

Front 15

What is the function of the vestibular cortex?

Back 15

The vestibular cortex permits the body to maintain balance. It is found in the insular region.

Front 16

What is the significance of the homunculus?

Back 16

Small regions of the motor and somatosensory cortices correspond to a specific body region. The actual homunculus is depicted as a distorted man whose body size and proportions are represented by the specific cerebral regions.

Front 17

Individuals who retain the ability to speak but are deficient in connecting or associating thought to language are likely to have damage to this area of the brain. What is the name of this area?

Back 17

Wernicke's area. It is located in the left hemisphere.

Front 18

The ability to physically differentiate by touch a penny and a glass is interpreted in this cortical region. what is it?

Back 18

The somatosensory association cortex.

Front 19

The left hemisphere is believed to control spatial skills, emotions and artistic ability. True/False

Back 19

False. This would be the left hemisphere.

Front 20

What are projection fibers?

Back 20

These fibers connect the hemispheres of the brain to the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.

Front 21

What are the basal nuclei?

Back 21

The basal nuclei are masses of gray matter found deep to the cerebral white matter.

Front 22

What is the function of the basal nuclei?

Back 22

They are involved in the control of motor functions.

Front 23

What are the general functions of the limbic system?

Back 23

Plays a role in basic survival functions, such as:
-Memory
-Reproduction
-Nutrition

*Involved in emotional interpretation of sensory input and emotions in general

Front 24

This structure is often considered the central core of the forebrain. What is it?

Back 24

The diencephalon

Front 25

What are the three major structures that make up the diencephalon?

Back 25

The thalamus, the hypothalamus and epithalamus

Front 26

What is the function of the thalamus?

Back 26

Located above the brainstem, the thalamus processes and relays movement and sensory information. It is essentially a relay station, taking in sensory information and then passing it on to the cerebral cortex

Front 27

Emotional responses to certain situation are mediated by the epithalamus. True/False

Back 27

False. They are mediated by the hypothalamus. As well, body temperature, appetite and sleep are controlled by the hypothalamus.

Front 28

This structure connects the brain to the spinal cord. What is it?

Back 28

The brain stem.

Front 29

of all the cranial nerves, hoe many actually originate in the brain stem?

Back 29

Ten of the twelve pairs originate in the brain stem.

Front 30

respiration is in part regulated by nuclei of the pons. True/False

Back 30

True. The fibers themselves are part of the brainstem.

Front 31

The pons is considered a part of the___________________.

Back 31

Brainstem.

Front 32

What are some of the primary responsibilities of the medulla oblongata?

Back 32

Heart rate, respiration and blood pressure are controlled by the medulla oblongata.

Front 33

Are the gyri of the cerebellum also called folia?

Back 33

The cerebellar cortex is similar to that of the cerebrum in that it has an outer gray layer and an inner white matter medulla, but the sulci are called fissures and the gyri are called folia. The cerebellum is

Front 34

What is the vermis?

Back 34

It is the central region of the cerebellum.

Front 35

List several structures that are considered a part of the limbic system.

Back 35

The hippocampus, the amygdala, the dentate gyrus and the fornix are components of the limbic system.

Front 36

What is the fornix of the limbic system?

Back 36

The fornix is a bundle of nerve tracts that link the componentrs of the limbic system.

Front 37

What is the reticular formation?

Back 37

The reticular formation is a mass of nerve cells and fibers situated primarily in the brain stem and functioning upon stimulation especially in arousal of the organism—called also reticular substance.

Front 38

What is declarative memory?

Back 38

The recalling or memory of specific words, associations or facts.

Front 39

What is the dura mater?

Back 39

The dura mater is the fibrous, double layered, outermost meninx of the CNS.

Front 40

Where is the arachnoid mater located?

Back 40

This layer is located just below the dura mater.

Front 41

Describe the pia mater.

Back 41

This is the innermost layer or meninx of the CNS. It adheres tightly to the surface of the brain, and extends into the sulci.

Front 42

The principle blood vessels that supply the brain are located in _____________________________________ space.

Back 42

Sub-arachnoid.

Front 43

How are capillaries in the brain different than capillaries in the rest of the body?

Back 43

The capillaries in the brain tend to be less permeable with respect to peripheral capillaries.

Front 44

Where is CSF formed?

Back 44

CSF is formed in regions within the ventricles called choroid plexuses by ependymal cells.

Front 45

After circulation, how does the CSF return to the bloodstream?

Back 45

It returns to the blood by traversing through the arachnoid villi, which are microscopic projections of the arachnoid mater that project into the dural sinuses. These act as one way valves.

Front 46

How are neurons destroyed in Alzheimer's disease?

Back 46

In Alzheimer's disease, there is an abnormal buildup of beta amyloid protein fragments in the regions immediately surrounding neurons. There is also an abnormal accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles in the cytoplasm of the pyramidal neurons, and also in neurons whose axons connect with them.

Front 47

What is the anatomical extension of the spinal cord?

Back 47

It extends from the skull to the L1 vertebra.

Front 48

What is Huntingtons disease?

Back 48

There is damage to the caudate nucleus, which is one of the basal nuclei, caused by an abnormal protein. This leads to involuntary spastic movements(chorea). Death may result as well.

Front 49

What is the function of the anterior horn of the spinal cord?

Back 49

The central core of the spinal cord, which is butterfly shaped. The anterior horn has cell bodies of somatic motor neurons.

Front 50

What is the function of the lateral horn of the gray matter in the spinal cord?

Back 50

The lateral horn contains the cell bodies of the autonomic motor neurons. It is present in the thoracic region.

Front 51

What forms the dorsal root ganglia?

Back 51

The dorsal root ganglia are formed from the bodies of the sensory neurons whose axons extend inward tot he spinal cord and outward to the body.

Front 52

What are funiculi?

Back 52

The funiculi are white mattered columns consisting of the myelinated axons of neurons that are associated with the spinal cord.

Front 53

The motor tracts of the spinal cord are located in these funiculi. What are they?

Back 53

Lateral and anterior funiculi.