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250 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what layer receives thalamic input (esp. in he primary somatosensory cortex)?
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layer IV
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what layer has medium and large pyramidal cells which give rise to projections in subcortical layers?
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internal pyramidal layer (V)
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what layer projects to the thalamus?
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Layer VI
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what layer has a variety of cell types and whose pyramidal cells project to the thalamus?
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the multiform layer (VI)
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what kind of matter makes up the cortex?
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grey matter
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what do assoiciation fibers interconnect between?
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portions of the cortex in the SAME HEMISPHERE
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what do commissural fibers interconnect?
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the two hemispheres
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where do the association and commissural fibers terminate?
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in layer II (external granular layer)
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what do arcuate fibers connect between and what type of fiber are they?
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connect between adjacent gyri and are association fibers
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what types of association fibers connect between different lobes (But in the same hemisphere!!!!)
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cingulum
superior and inferior occipital fasciculi uncinate fasciculus |
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where are most of the commissural fibers found?
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in the corpus callosum
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where else, besides the corpus callosum, can commissural fibers be found?
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anterior and posterior commissures
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where do projection fibers project to?
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away from the cortex... sometimes to the spinal cord
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where do projection fibers or CORTICOFUGAL SYSTEMS come out of?
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layer V (internal pyramidal)
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what layer receives association/commisural info from layer III?
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layer II
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what layer send out association and commissural info to layer II?
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Layer III
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what layer receive thalamic input?
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Layer IV
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what layer sends info out of the cortex?
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layer V
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what layer projects info to the thalamus?
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layer VI
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what are the two branches of the vertebral arteries?
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posterior inferior cerebellar
anterior spinal arteries |
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what do the 2 superior cerebellar arteries supply?
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superior cerebellum
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what is the corpus collosum?
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fiber bundle that interconnects the two hemispheres and allows for communication between the two
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what two parts make up the forebrain or prosencephalon?
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telencephalon
diencephalon |
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where is the diencephalon located?
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just underneath the corpus collosum
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what are the two parts that make up the diencephalon?
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thalamus
hypothalamus |
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what is the function of the thalamus?
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it is the major relay center for all sensory functions except olfaction
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what is the function of the hypothalamus?
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it is involved in the maintenance of homeostasis/equilibrium and motivated behaviors
it funtions in concert with the autonomic and endocrine systems -infundibulum -mammillary bodies -pineal |
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what does thalamus mean?
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"inner chamber"
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what is another name for the midbrain?
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mesencephalon
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what ist he function of the mesencephalon?
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it connects the telencephalon to the rest of the brain
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where are the cerebral peducles found?
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on the midbrain
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where is the sustantia nigra found?
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midbrain
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where is the red nucleus found?
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mid brain
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from what part of the brain do CN III and IV take their origin?
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the mesencephalon
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what make up the tectum?
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2 superior and 2 inferion colliculi
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what are the corpora quadrigemina?
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the tectum (2superior and 2 inferior colliculi)
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where are the motor fiber tracts found?
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on the cerebral peduncles of the mesencephalon
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what cells give rise to association and commissural fibers?
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pyramidal cells in the III layer
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what is the rhombencephalon?
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the hindbrain
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what are the two parts of the rhombencephalon?
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metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
myelencephalon (medula oblongata) |
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what part of the brain is the origin and conduit of numerous fiber tracts which ascen, descen, or enter the cerebellum?
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the pons
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what is the origin of CN V-VII?
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the pons
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what is proprioceptive information?
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information about the position of a limb in space
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what part of the brain processes proprioceptive information from muscles, tendons, and joints in order to coordinate motor activty?
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cerebellum
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what are the lobes of the cerebellum?
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anterior
posterior flocconodular |
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what part of the hindbrain is mostly mylenated?
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the myelencephalon or medulla oblongata
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what part of the brain contains cells of origin of numerous fiber tracts?
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medulla oblongata
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what part of the brain has the nucleus cuneatus and gracilis and what are their functions?
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the medulla oblongata
they are important sensory relay nuclei |
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what part of the brain is the origin of CN IX-XII?
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medulla oblongata
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where is the reticular formation found?
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on the medulla oblongata
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what parts of the brain make up the brainstem?
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medulla oblongata
pons midbrain |
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what part of the brain (besides the forebrain) does NOT make up the brain stem?
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cerebellum
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what is the purpose of the cerebral spinal fluid?
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-protect brain
-give brain boyancy in the skull -provides communication within the brain via the vascular system |
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what structure in the brain makes the cerebral spinal fluid?
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the choroid plexus
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what is the choriod plexus?
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it is a highly vascularized connective tissue that is covered with an ependymal layer that products the CSF
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what is the dermal layer origin of the connective tissue found in the choroid plexus?
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mesodermal
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what is CN V?
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Trigeminal
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What is CN VI?
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Abducens Nerve
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what is the flow direction of the CSF?
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one way
lateral ventricles-> 3rd-> 4th-> out to venous system through foramen |
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where is the choroid plexus found?
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in the lateral ventricle
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what forms the roof of the 3rd and 4th ventricles?
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the choroid plexus
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where is the lateral ventricle found?
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in the cavity of the telencephalon
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what is 2-4 mm thick, highly convoluted grey sustance,and comprises almost half of the brain's volume?
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the cerebral cortex
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what are the two divisions of the cortex?
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neocortex (isocortex)
allocortex |
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what does allocortex mean?
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"other cortex"
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how many layers are found in the neocortex?
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6
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what two kinds of cortex make up the allocortex?
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the paleocortex and archicortex
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what kind of cortex is the olfactory cortex?
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paleocortex
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what kind of cortex is the hippocampal cortex?
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archicortex
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what cell types make up the neocortex?
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neurons and glial cells
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what types of neurons are found in the neocortex?
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pyramidal, stellate, basket cells
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what types of glial cells are found in the neocortex?
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oligodendrocytes
microglia astrocytes |
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what layer of the neocortex is most superficial, has relatively few neurons and lots of dendrites and axons?
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molecular layer (I)
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what layer is layer I?
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molecular layer
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what layer is layer II?
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external granular layer
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what layer is layerIII?
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external pyramidal layer
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what layer is layer IV?
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internal granular layer
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what layer is layer V?
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internal pyramidal layer
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what layer is layer VI?
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multiform layer
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what layer is made of most ly small neurons and a few pyramidal neurons?
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external granular layer (II)
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What is CN VII?
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Facial Nerve
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What is CN IX?
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve
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what layer is composed of mainly stellate neruons and has some pyramidal cells?
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internal granular layer (Layer IV)
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what layer receives inputs from layer III?
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layer II
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What is CN X?
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Vagus nerve
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What is CN XII?
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Hypoglossal
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What is CN VIII?
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Acoustic or Vestibulocchlear
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What is CN XI?
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the Spinal Accessory nerve
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What kind of a nerve is CN I?
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sensory
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what is the name of CN I?
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the olfactory nerve
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what is the name of CN II?
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Optic nerve
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What kind of a nerve is CN II?
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sensory
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What is CN III?
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Occulomotor
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what is CN IV?
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Trochlear Nerve
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how many horns are found on the lateral ventricle?
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3 anterior, posterior, inferior
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What kind of nerve is CN III?
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motor
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What kind of a nerve is CN IV?
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motor
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what is the function of the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius?
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connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles
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where is the interventricular foramen of Monro found?
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between the lateral and 3rd ventricles (connects the two)
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In what part of the brain is the 3rd ventricle found?
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in the cavity of the diencephalon
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where is the 4th ventricle found?
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in the cavity of the metencephalon and myelencephalon (hindbrain)
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what foramen are continuous with the subarachnoid space?
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the foramen of Magendie
the two foramen of Luschka |
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What matter makes up the cerebral cortex?
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grey matter
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what matter contains fiber pathways?
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white matter
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what are the 5 cerebral lobes?
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frontal
parietal temporal occipital insular |
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What is another word for the forebrain?
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Prosencephaoln
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What is a gyrus?
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a fold in the brain
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What is a sulcus?
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A groove between gyri
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What is the telencephalon?
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the cerebrum
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What connects the two hemispheres of the the cerebrum?
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the corpus callosum
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What is the grey matter composed of?
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Nerve Cells (unmylenated)
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What composes the white matter of the CNS?
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mylenateld axons
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Which is superficial, grey or white matter?
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grey matter
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which is deep, grey or white matter?
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white matter
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what are the major areas of the frontal lobe?
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motor (precentral gyrus) and premotor areas
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what are the major areasof of the parietal lobe?
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sensory (postcentral gyrus) and association areas
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what lobe contains the moror and premotor areas?
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the frontal lobe
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what lobe contains the sensory and association areas?
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the parietal lobe
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what area is found in the temporal lobe?
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auditory areas
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what lobe contains the auditory areas?
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temporal lobe
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what areas are found in the occipital lobe?
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visual and association areas
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what lobe are the visual and association areas found in?
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occipital lobe
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where is the insular lobe located?
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inside the lateral fissure
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in what division of the brain are the basal ganglia found?
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the telencephalon (cerebrum)
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what are the major sulci or fissures of the telencephalon?
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central sulcus
lateral fissure parieto-occipital sulcus calcarine fissure |
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what sulcus divides the fronal lobe from the parietal lobes?
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the central sulcus
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what fissure divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes?
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lateral fissure
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what does the calcarine fissure go through?
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the middle of the occipital lobes
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what does the calcarine fissure go through?
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the middle of the occipital lobes
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what area is found in the calcarine fissure?
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the primary visual area
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what are the major gyri of the telecephalon?
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precentral gyrus
postcentral gyrus temporal gyri (sup. mid. inf.) cingulate gyrus parahippocampal |
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where is the primary motor cortex found?
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in the precentral gyrus
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what lobe is the precentral gyrus found on?
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frontal lobe
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what lobe is the post central gyrus found on?
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parietal
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where is the primary sematosensory cortex found?
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on the postcentral gyrus
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what does the cingulate gyrus surround?
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the corpus callosum
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where is the parahippocampal gyrus found?
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beneath the corpus callosum
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what two gyri make up the limbic system?
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the cingulate gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus
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what is the function of the limbic system?
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emoition or affect
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what part of the brain is the output from the cerebellum to descending motor pathways relay through?
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the thalamus
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what does the primary motcortex do?
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drives basic movement
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what is the function of the posterior communicating arteries?
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connect the posterior cerebral arteries with the carotid arteries
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what does the anterior inferior cerebellar artery supply?
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the anterior and inferior surface of the cerebellum
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what are the branches off of the basilar artery?
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posterior cerebral artery
superior cerebellar artery pontine arteries internal auditory artery anterior inferior cerebellar artery |
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the basilar artery is formed when what two arteries converge?
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the two vertebral arteries
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where is the basilar artery found?
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it sits on top of the pons
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what do the two posterior cerebral arteries supply?
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posterior and interior potion of the cerebrum
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where does the vertebral artery come off of?
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the subclavian a.
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what do the vertebral arteries go through?
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the transverse foramen
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what is the function of the circle of willis?
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it provides collateral circulation
so that if one carotid artery is blocked, the full brain can still be supplied with blood |
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what do the pontine arteries supply and how many are there?
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the pons and there are three pairs of arteries
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what does the internal auditory artery supply?
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the inner ear
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which meningeal layer is thick and tough?
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the dura mater
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what foramen do the internal carotid arteries cross over?
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foramen lacerum
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what are meninges?
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coverings over the brain
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what is the function of the meninges?
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they act like seatbelts for the brain, protecting it from jaring
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what is the superficial layer of the meninges?
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dura matter
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which of the meninges is a double layer?
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dura matter
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what are the two layers of dura matter?
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periosteal and meningeal
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what is the middle layer of the meninges?
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arachnoid layer
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which layer is thin, spider weblike and virtually transparent?
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arachnoid layer
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what is the deep meningeal layer?
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pia matter
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which layer is thin and delicate and closely adheres to the brain's surface?
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pia mater
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what is found in the subarachnoid space?
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the cerebral spinal fluid
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where is the subarachnoid space?
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between the arachnoid and pia mater
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what are arachnoid granulations?
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extensions of arachnoid through the dura mater into the venous sinus (superior sagittal)
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which venous sunus do the arachnoid granulations extend into?
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superior sagittal
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what is the function of the arachnoid granulations?
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they permit the CSF to enter the circulatory system
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what is subduralhemotoma?
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bleeding into the space btwn the dura mater and arachnoid layers
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what specialization of the dura mater is a thickening in the midline of the brain that divides the two hemispheres?
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the falx cerebri
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what specialization of the dura mater is a thickening between the cerebellum and divides its two hemispheres?
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falx cerebelli
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what specialization of the dura mater forms a covering or tent over the top of the cerebelum?
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tentorium cerebelli
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what specialization of the dura mater forms a covering over the sella torcia of the sphenoid?
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diaphragma sellae
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what specialization of the dura mater anchors the pituitary glands to the sella turcica?
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diaphragma sellae
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what are the five dural venous sinuses?
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superior sagittal sinus
inferior sagittal sinus straight sinus transverse sinus sigmoid sinus |
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what sinuses drain into the transverse sinus?
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superior sagittal
inferior sagittal straight sinuses |
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what is the direction of blood flow in the dural venous sinuses?
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from front to back (drain to transverse sinus and then sigmoid sinus and then internal jugular vein)
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the sigmoid sinus collects blood from the _______ sinus and then becomes the __________ vein
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transverse
internal jugular |
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what forms the dural venous sinuses?
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the opening between the two dural layers (periosteal and meningeal)
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what branches come off of the internal carotid arteries?
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anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery posterior communicating artery |
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what does the internal carotid artery come off of?
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the aortic arch
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through which hole do the internal carotid arteries enter the skull?
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carotid canal
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what artery supplies the medial side of the brain?
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anterior cerebral artery
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what artery supplies the lateral hemispheres of the brain?
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middle cerebral artery
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what comes off of the middle cerebral arteries?
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the lenticulostirate arteries
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what arteries supply the basal ganglia?
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lenticulostriate arteries
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what is the purpose of the CSF?
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protective layer
boyancy in skull way for communication within the brain through the vascular system |
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what are basal ganglia?
|
deep grey matter in telencephalon
nerve cells deep in the CNS--should be nuclei |
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what are the five subcortical nuclei found in the basal ganglia?
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caudate nucleus
putamen globus pallidus (internal and external) subthalamic nucleus (STN) Substantia Nigra |
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what are the two parts of the Substantia nigra?
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SNc pars compacta
SNr pars reticulata |
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which of the basal ganglia have a tail?
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caudate nucleus
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which of the basal ganglia nuclei forms the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle?
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caudate nucleus
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what basal ganglial nucleus is found in the curve of the caudate?
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putamen
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what basal ganglial nucleus is found on the inner side of the putamen?
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the globus pallidus
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what basal ganglial nucleus is found above the hypothalamis and below the thalamus?
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subthalamic nucleus
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what subcortical nuclei make up the striatum?
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caudate and the putamen
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what subcortical nuclei make up the lentiform nucleus?
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putamen and globus pallidus
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what subcortical nuclei make up the corpus striatum?
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caudate, putamen, globus pallidus
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what is the internal capsule?
where does it start, go through and go to? |
descending axons that goes from the precentral gyrus, through the space between the caudate and putamen, to the corticospinal tract
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what are striatal afferents?
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parts of the brain that send information TO the striatum
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what are striatal efferents?
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neural bodies that bring information away from the striatum
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what are the two options the neural impulse has to go after going to the caudate/putamen? (2 striatal efferents)
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globus pallidus (external) GPe OR
Globus pallidus (internal)GPi |
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after going to the external globus pallidus, (indirect pathway) where does the neural impulse go next??
|
to the subthalamic nucelus
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After exiting the Globus pallidus internal (GPi) where does the neural impulse go to? (both direct and indirect pathways)
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to the Ventral Lateral nucleus of the THALAMUS (VL)
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after the subthalamic nucleus, where does the indirect pathway carry the neural impulse?
|
to the GPi
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Where does the thalamus project to?
|
the cortex
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what arteries supply the basal ganglia and the internal capsule?
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the lenticulostriate arteries
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What is the function of the basal ganglia?
|
determine a motor program so that the right set of muscles contract in the right order
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what are the steps of the direct pathway?
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cortex-- striatum--GPi--VA or VL of the thalamus--motor area of the cortex--spinal cord--muscles
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what are the steps of the indirect pathway?
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cortex--striatum--GPe--subthalamic nucleus--GPi--VA/VL of thalamus--cortex--spinalcord--muscles
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what is the function of the substantia niagra?
|
it facilitates the flow through the striatum by releasing dopamine
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what part of the substantia nigra produces the dopamine?
|
the compacta
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what part of the substantia nigra is similar to the globus pallidus?
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the reticulata
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what structure produces seratonin?
|
dorsal raphe nerve
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what does "cerebellum" mean?
|
little brain in latin
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is the cerebellum sensory or motory?
|
neither.... although both are mapped onto it!!!
instead the cerebellum compares motor info to sense info about what is really happening |
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If there were a defict in the coordination of limb and eye MOVEMENT, balance, and muscle tone, where would the lesion be found?
|
in the cerebellum
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If there were a reduction in strength and speed of movement and the inability to contract individual muscles, where would the lesion be found?
|
in the motor cortex
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what is the function of the cerebellum?
|
it compares the brain's intention (i.e. motor program) with the perfomance of the muscles.
It makes sure that the motor programs are carried out with high fidelity |
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where does the sensory information that the cerebellum recieves about the motor performance from the periphery come from?
|
from the dorsal spinocerebellar tract
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what is internal feedback?
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afferent informaion about motor planning FROM BRAIN CENTERS concerned with motor programming and execution
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what is another word for internal feeback?
|
corollary discharge.
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what is external feedback?
|
sensory information about MOTOR PERFORMANCE FROM PERIPHERY occurring during the course of movement
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what is another word for external feedback?
|
reafference
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what do the internal and external feedback allow the cerebellum to compare?
|
the motor program (f/ internal) to the actual motor response (f/ external)
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what are the descending motor pathways that relay the adjusted motor program from the cerebellum?
|
corticospinal
corticobulbar rubrospinal reticulospinal |
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what divides the anterior lobe of the cerebellum from its posterior lobe?
|
the primary fissure
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what wormlike structure divides the two cerebellar hemispheres?
|
the vermis
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what are the three cerebral peduncles?
|
superior
middle inferior |
|
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what are the three lobes of the cerebellum?
|
anterior
posterior flocconodular |
|
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what are the four deep cerebellar nuclei in the order of most medial to most lateral?
|
fastigial
globose emboliform dentate |
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what two deep cerebellar nuclei mate up the interposed nucleus?
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the globose and the emboliform
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what is the function of the spinocerebellum?
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it receives descending motor input from the cortex as it goes out to the muscles
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which nucleus does the information leaving the cerebellum going to the medial descending systems go through?
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the fastigial nucleus
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which nucleus does info leaving the cerebellum going to the lateral descending systems go through?
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interposed nucleus
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which nucleus does the information going our of the cerebrocerebellum to the cortex go through?
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dentate nucleus
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explain the flow of information through the cerebellum
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the CORTEX sends information to the DIRECT OR INDIRECT PATHWAY forming a motor program. This motor program is sent through the PONS to the CEREBELLUM (to spinocerebellum) to the MUSCLES
then the external feedback from the DORSAL SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACT enters the CEREBELLUM (via cerebrocerebellum) CEREBELLUM compares the two and sens our motor execution info to the muscles via the fastigial and interposed nuclei, and motor planning info to the cortex via the dentate nucleus |
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where is the vestibularcerebellum found?
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on the flocconodular lobe of the cerebellum
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where does the cerebellum get its afferent sensory information from?
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the dorsal spinocerebellar tract and the vestibular nuclei
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where does the cerebellum get its afferent (input) motor information from?
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from the pontine nuclei
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where must all of the outputs of all of the deep cerebellar nuclei go to?
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the VL nucleus of the thalamus and ultimately back to the motor cortex
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what supplies the lobes in the telencephalon with CSF?
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the two lateral ventricles
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what is the function of the anterior communicating artery and what does it come off of?
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it allower interconnection between the two anterior cerebrl arteries (allows full blood supply to all of brain even if one carotid artery is blocked)
comes off of the anterior cerebral artery |
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in which layer of the cortex are the association and commissural fibers located?
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in layer III (external pyramidal)
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what are the three possible areas of the cortex that the thalamus can project to when sending a motor program back to the cortex?
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premotor cortex
supplementary motor cortex primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) |
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in what cavity is the cerebral aqueduct found?
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in the cavity of the mesencephalon
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what is the function of cerebrocerebllum?
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receives sense info from the limbs and then sends the new info to the motor cortex
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what is the central canal?
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the cavity in the spinal cord
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what sulcus divides the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe?
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parieto-occipital sulcus
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what layer is made of medium sized pyramidal cells which give rise to association and commissural fibers?
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external pyramidal layer (III)
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