Central And Peripheral Nervous Systems Ch-8

Front 1

CNS

Back 1

1)Brain
2)Spinal Cord

Front 2

PNS

Back 2

1)Nerves
2)Ganglia

Front 3

Brain main structures (10)

Back 3

1)Cerebral Cortex
2)Basal ganglia
3)Thalamus
4)Hypothalamus
5)Pituitary gland
6)Midbrain (Brainstem)
7)Pons (Brainstem)
8)Medulla Oblongata (Brainstem)
9)Cerebellum
10)Ventricles

Front 4

Cerebral Cortex

Back 4

-Largest portion of the brain
-Performs higher functions
-2 hemispheres connected by corpus callosum
-5 lobes:
Frontal (precentral gyrus)- Primary motor
Parietal (postcentral gyrus)- Primary somato-sensory Temporal-auditory
Occipital-Vision
Insula (inside)

Front 5

Association areas

Back 5

Regions of cortex not primary sensory or motor
They produce perceptions and plan our actions
75% of the cerebral cortex

Front 6

Broca:association area

Back 6

the motor part of speech

Front 7

Wernicke:association area

Back 7

Language comprehension

Front 8

Prefrontal Cortex:association area

Back 8

-Higher functions:planning and judgement

Front 9

Memory-association area

Back 9

Hippocampus-deep in temporal lobe

Front 10

Basal ganglia

Back 10

Curcuit for motor control and behavioral reward

Front 11

Thalamus

Back 11

-Paired masses of gray matter
-Relay center for all sensory information
-Can inhibit relay of information during sleep

Front 12

Hypothalamus

Back 12

-Paired masses of gray matter
-Neural center for hunger, thirst, body temp, hormone secretion, sleep, sex, emotions

Front 13

Pituitary gland

Back 13

Posterior and anterior lobes release hormones

Front 14

Midbrain

Back 14

-Contains nuclei of cranial nerves
-Contains substantia nigra:cell bodies of dopaminergic neurons
-Dopaminergic axons travel to:
-basal ganglia, motor control
-forebrain, reward behavior

Front 15

Parkinson's disease (midbrain)

Back 15

-Progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons substantia nigra
-Symptoms: difficulty initiating movement, resisting tremor, rigidity
-Idiopathic (no known cause)
Treatment:Levodopa, MAO inhibitors, deep brain stimulation, gene therapy

Front 16

Addiction (midbrain)

Back 16

-In addiction to direct effects, nicotine, heroin, morphine, cocaine and amphetamines inhibit dopamine reuptake
-stimulate reward circuitry
-Some also stimulate excessive movements

Front 17

Pons

Back 17

-Contains nuclei of cranial nerves
-Connects cerebellum with motor and sensory tracts
-Contains respiratory control areas

Front 18

Locked-in syndrome (Pons)

Back 18

-Caused by damage to ventral pons
-Damage to motor pathways
-Paralysis of all voluntary muscles
-Patient still aware and awake

Front 19

Medulla Oblongata

Back 19

-Contains nuclei of cranial nerves
-Descending and ascending fiber tracts
-Contains vital centers:Vasomotor (vessel control), cardiac (heart control), and respiratory (breathing control)

Front 20

Cerebellum

Back 20

-Coordinates movement
-Fibers either travel to via thalamus to cortex, or to brainstem nuclei
-Damage causes ataxia
-Affected by alcohol

Front 21

Ventricles

Back 21

-Bathe the brain in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
-Continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord

Front 22

Hydrocephalus

Back 22

-Obstruction blocks CSF pathway
-Ventricles continuously make CSF
-CSF builds up, puts pressure on brain

Front 23

Stroke

Back 23

2 types
Ischemic-due to thrombus, embolus, or shock (blockage)
Hemorrhagic stroke-due to aneurysm (burst of blood vessel)

Front 24

Spinal Cord

Back 24

Foramen magnum to L1

Front 25

Ascending/afferent tracts

Back 25

sensory information from receptors throughout the body relayed to brain.

Front 26

Descending/efferent tracts

Back 26

motor instructions from the brain trek down spinal cord to peripheral nerves

Front 27

Medial Lemniscal Tract

Back 27

Ascending 3 neuron tract; travels on same side of spinal cord and crosses over at thalamus
Touch, vibration, proprioception

Front 28

Lateral Spinothalamic Tract

Back 28

Ascending 3 neuron tract; travels on opposite side of spinal cord
Pain and temperature

Front 29

Lateral Corticospinal Tract

Back 29

Descending 2 neuron tract
Motor

Front 30

PNS

Back 30

-Nerves and ganglia outside the spinal cord
-Nerves arise from brain (cranial nerves) or specific spinal segment (spinal nerve)
-Spinal nerves branch into peripheral nerves that travel through body.

Front 31

Dermatome

Back 31

-Area of skin supplied by single spinal nerve
-Damage to specific spinal nerve results in sensory loss only in corresponding area

Front 32

Myotome

Back 32

-All muscles innervated by nerves from a specific spinal segment
-Damage to specific spinal segment results in motor loss to the muscles it innervates

Front 33

Cutaneous innervation

Back 33

-Area of skin supplied by peripheral nerve
-Damage to specific peripheral nerve results in sensory loss only in corresponding area

Front 34

Muscular innervation

Back 34

-Muscles innervated by specific peripheral nerve
-Damage to specific peripheral nerve results in motor loss to the muscles it innervates