The Central Nervous System Anatomy Ch. 12

Front 1

Prosencephalon (forebrain) turns into what secondary brain vesicles?

Back 1

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

Front 2

Mesencephalon (midbrain) turns into what secondary brain vesicles?

Back 2

Mesencephalon

Front 3

Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) turns into what secondary brain vesicles?

Back 3

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

Front 4

Telencephalon turns into what Adult brain structures and neural canal regions?

Back 4

Cerebrum: cerebral hemishperes (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)
Lateral Ventricles

Front 5

Diencephalon turns into what Adult brain structures and neural canal regions?

Back 5

Diencephalon (thalamus, hyphothalamus, epithalamus), retina
Third Ventricle

Front 6

Mesencephalon turns into what Adult brain structures and neural canal regions?

Back 6

Brain Stem: midbrain
Cerebral aqueduct

Front 7

Metencephalon turns into what Adult brain structures and neural canal regions?

Back 7

Brain Stem: Pons
Cerebellum
Fourth ventricle

Front 8

Myelencephalon turns into what Adult brain structures and neural canal regions?

Back 8

Brain Stem: medulla oblongata
Fourth Ventricle

Front 9

Spinal Cord turns into what neural canal regions?

Back 9

central canal

Front 10

Ventricles

Back 10

hollow, ventricular chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid
1. Lateral Ventricles- one in each cerebral hemisphere, large c-shaped, reflex pattern of cerebral growth and seperated by septum pellucidum
2. third ventricle- narrow, in the diencephalon via channel called interventricular foramen.
3. Fourth ventricle- continuous with the third, via the cerebral aqueduct that runs through the midbrain. Lateral apertures on side and median aperture on roof

Front 11

Components of the CNS

Back 11

COMPONENTS: Brain & Spinal Cord

Front 12

Location of the CNS

Back 12

LOCATION: Dorsal Cavity, Brain – cranial cavity, Spinal cord – Spinal Cavity

Front 13

Cephalization

Back 13

Cephalization: increase concentration of neurons, sensory structures in anterior part of organism forming a head area with a brain.

Front 14

Protection of the CNS

Back 14

1. Skull
2. Meninges (Meninx): 3 membranes that protect the CNS
3. Cerebrospinal Fluid

Front 15

Meninges

Back 15

- cover & protects
- protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses
- contain cerebral spinal fluid
- forms partitions within the skull
Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Matter

Front 16

Dura Mater

Back 16

leathery, double membrane, outer layer of the brain with the outer membrane attached to the skull
- in places attaches brain to skull to prevent excessive movement; In spinal cord only a single membrane, does not attach to vertebrae
-Made of 2 layers:
1. Periosteal
2. Meningeal (deeper)

Front 17

Arachnoid Mater

Back 17

middle layer, loosely covers brain
- separated from dura mater by subdural space
- between arachnoid mater and pia mater is the subarachnoid
space
- contains the largest blood vessels serving the brain

Front 18

Pia Mater

Back 18

inner layer, composed of delicate connective tissue with many small blood vessels
- clings tightly to the brain

Front 19

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Back 19

found in 4 ventricles (2 lateral, third, fourth)
- liquid cushion, gives buoyancy to CNS organs
- floats the jelly-like brain
- protection from blows and trauma
- helps nourish the brain
- derived from blood plasma but with a different composition
- formed from the choroid plexuses

Front 20

What does the brain weigh?

Back 20

- weighs ~ 3.5 lbs (1600 g)

Front 21

4 Major Parts of the Brain

Back 21

A. FOUR MAJOR PARTS OF THE BRAIN:
1. Cerebrum: Cerebral hemispheres
2. Cerebellum
3. Diencephalon: Thalamus, Hypothalmus, Epithalamus
4. Brain stem: Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata

Front 22

Cerebrum

Back 22

Cerebrum; largest, divided into two hemispheres, ~ 83% of total brain weight

Front 23

Functions of Cerebrum

Back 23

Functions of Cerebrum: motor functions, speech, sensory center, visual center, auditory center, olfactory center, conscious thought, judgment, memory, reasoning, will power.

Front 24

Longitudinal Fissure

Back 24

Longitudinal Fissure:
separates the two hemispheres

Front 25

Transverse Fissure

Back 25

Transverse Fissure:
separates cerebral hemisphere from the cerebellum

Front 26

3 Basic Regions of Cerebrum

Back 26

3 Basic Regions of Cerebrum:
1. Cortex
2. White Matter
3. Basal Nuclei

Front 27

Cortex

Back 27

Cortex:
perceive, communicate, remember, understand, appreciate, initiate voluntary movements, “conscious behavior”
- 2-4 mm thick
- ~ 40% of total brain mass

Front 28

White Matter

Back 28

White Matter:
- communication between cerebral areas and cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers
- mainly myelinated fibers bundled into large tracts

Front 29

Basal Nuclei

Back 29

Basal Nuclei:
- gray matter areas located deep within the white matter of the
cerebral hemispheres
- may play role in motor control??

Front 30

Generalizations about the Cerebrum (Cortex):

Back 30

Generalizations about the Cerebrum (Cortex):
1. 3 kinds of functional areas
2. Each hemisphere acts contralateral
3. Lateralization of hemispheres

Front 31

3 Functional Areas of Cerebrum:

Back 31

3 Functional Areas of Cerebrum:
a. motor: control voluntary motor function
b. sensory: provide for conscious awareness of sensations
c. association: act mainly to integrate diverse information for purposeful action

Front 32

Contralateral

Back 32

contralateral:
each side concerned with sensory and motor functions of the opposite side

Front 33

Lateralization of Hemispheres

Back 33

Lateralization of hemispheres
"split brain concept"
a. ~ 90% of people are left cerebral dominate
- left hemisphere dominate: mathematical abilities, logic
- right hemisphere dominate: visual-spatial skills, intuition,
emotion, art and music appreciation
- most are right handed
b. ~ 10% of people are right cerebral dominate or neither

Front 34

Dyslexia

Back 34

Dyslexia:
reading disorder, intelligent people reverse order of
letters, syllables, numbers
- has been attributed in some cases to a lack of cerebral dominance

Front 35

Diencephalon

Back 35

Diencephalon:
composed of three major regions
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus
- surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres, enclose the third
ventricle

Front 36

Thalamus

Back 36

Thalamus:
relay station for incoming and outgoing nerve
impulses, sorts out information
- mediates sensations, motor activities, cortical arousal, memory

Front 37

Hypothalamus

Back 37

Hypothalamus:
Autonomic nervous control (regulates parasympathetic and sympathetic systems of ANS)
- Cardiovascular control, temperature control, appetite
control, water balance, gastrointestinal control, emotional
state, sleep control, thirst, Main Visceral Control Center
- An endocrine gland: Produces ADH & Oxytocin, regulates hormonal output of anterior pituitary gland
- ADH – antidiuretic hormone, water reabsorbed in kidney

Front 38

Epithalamus

Back 38

Epithalamus:
dorsal most part of diencephalon
- pineal gland (body): extends from epithalamus, produces
melatonin: mood & sleep/wake cycles

Front 39

Choroid Plexus

Back 39

Choroid Plexus:
capillary knot that hangs down into the ventricles

Front 40

Limbic System

Back 40

Limbic System:
Emotional brain – involves cerebral and diencephalon to mediate emotional response

Front 41

Mammary Bodies

Back 41

Mammary bodies: olfactory relay stations

Front 42

Cerebellum

Back 42

Cerebellum:
-processes info from cerebral motor cortex and provides instructions
2 hemispheres connected by the VERMIS- Tree-like
pattern (within the cerebellum) called ARBOR VITAE ("tree of life")
- maintenance of balance, muscle tone, and coordination of skeletal muscle contractions, posture
- process information from PROPRIOCEPTORS: receptors located in a joint, muscle, tendon, concerned with locomotion, posture and muscle tone.

Front 43

The Brain Stem

Back 43

The Brain stem:
3 regions: Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata
- responsible for automatic behaviors necessary for survival
- 10 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves

Front 44

Midbrain

Back 44

Midbrain:
between the pons and the diencephalon
- conduction pathway between higher and lower brain functions
- visual and auditory control centers
- motor centers

Front 45

Pons

Back 45

Pons:
respiratory center, relay between medulla oblongata
and cerebrum, relay information from cerebrum to cerebellum

Front 46

Medulla Oblongata

Back 46

Medulla oblongata:
-in midbrain
vasoconstrictor center, respiratory center, cardiac center, sensory relay to cerebellum,
centers for controlling: vomiting, coughing, hiccuping,
swallowing, and sneezing

Front 47

Decussation

Back 47

decussation:
where crossover occurs, contralateral of cerebral
hemispheres

Front 48

Reticular formation

Back 48

Reticular formation:
Maintains cerebral cortical alertness (reticular activating system), Helps regulate skeletal & visceral muscle activity.
-Extends through central core of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain
-These neurons form thee broad columns along the length of the brain stem:
1. raphe nuclei
2. medial large cell group
3. lateral small cell group.

Front 49

The Spinal Cord

Back 49

The Spinal Cord:
- Begins at foramen magnum and extends to the level of the first
lumbar vertebra
- Lies within the vertebral column
- Major reflex center
- Two-way conduction pathway to and from the brain
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves
- divided into right and left halves by the anterior median fissure & the
posterior median sulcus

Front 50

Spinal Cord Enlargements

Back 50

Spinal Cord Enlargements:
1. Cervical
area where nerves come off to innervate arms
2. Lumbar
area where nerves come off to innervate legs

Front 51

Cauda equina

Back 51

Cauda equina:
looks like horse tail, collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral column

Front 52

conus medullaris

Back 52

conus medullaris:
termination of the spinal cord. “cone-shaped”

Front 53

filum terminale

Back 53

filum terminale:
extends down from the conus medullaris to the posterior surface of the coccyx, where it attaches fibrous extensions of the pia mater

Front 54

Gray Matter

Back 54

Gray matter:
appears in the shape of a "butterfly", called commissure

Front 55

White matter

Back 55

White matter:
surrounds gray matter, called funiculi
1. sensory areas 2. motor areas 3. ascending and descending tracts
- Made of Myelinated fibers bundled into large tracts
- Fibers classified by way in which they run
1. Commisural Fibers- connect corresponding grey ares, linking the two hemispheres
2. Association Fibers- Connect parts in same hemisphere
3. Projection Fibers- ascending or descending

Front 56

Ascending Tracts

Back 56

ascending:
(sensory) conduct sensory impulses upward through
chains of 2 or 3 successive neurons to various parts of the brain

Front 57

Descending Tracts

Back 57

descending:
(motor) conduct motor impulses from brain to
spinal cord. Two different groups:
Pyramidal: major motor pathway, voluntary movements, precise or skilled movement like threading a needle or writing
Others: The Rest

Front 58

Reflex Arc

Back 58

Reflex Arc:
Reflexes (automatic reaction) occur over neural pathways called reflex arcs. Reflex Arcs have five essential components:
1.receptor
2.sensory neuron
3.CNS integration center
4. motor neuron
5. effector
-unconscious and involuntary
Is the brain involved?
NO!

Front 59

Reflex Arc Steps

Back 59

Reflex Arc Steps:
After receiving stimulus:
1. sensory receptors
2. sensory neurons
3. interneuron
4. motor neuron
5 .effectors (muscles, glands)

Front 60

Motor Areas of Cerebral Cortex

Back 60

Motor Areas of Cerebral Cortex:
1. Primary Motor Cortex
2. Premotor Cortex
3. Broca's Area
4. Frontal Eye Field

Front 61

Motor Areas of Cerebral Cortex:
1. Primary (Somatic) Motor Cortex

Back 61

Motor Areas of Cerebral Cortex:
1. Primary Motor Cortex:
-located in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
-Large Pyramidal cells in these gyri allow us to consciously control the precise or skilled voluntary movements of our skeletal muscles.
-form pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts
-damage (from stroke) paralyzes muscles on side of body opposite that of lesion (only voluntary movement lost)

Front 62

Somatotopy

Back 62

Somatotopy:
The entire body is represented spatially in the primary motor cortex of each hemisphere.
Ex. The pyramidal cells that control foot movement are in one area and hand movement is in the other. Mapping of the body is called Somatotopy

Front 63

Motor Areas of Cerebral Cortex:
Premotor Cortex

Back 63

Motor Areas of Cerebral Cortex:
Premotor Cortex:
Anterior to precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe.
-Controls learned motor skills of a repetitious or patterned nature, ex. playing music, typing.
-damage results in loss of learned skills, but movement of muscles is often still possible

Front 64

Motor Areas of Cerebral Cortex:
Broca's Area

Back 64

Motor Areas of Cerebral Cortex:
Broca's Area:
anterior to the inferior region of the premotor area
1. present in one area only (gen. left)
2.special motor speech area – controls muscles of tongue, throat & lips during (& possibly in planning of) speech

Front 65

Motor Areas of Cerebral Cortex:
Frontal Eye Field

Back 65

Motor Areas of Cerebral Cortex:
Frontal Eye Field:
partially in and anterior to the premotor cotrex and superior to Broca's area.
-involves voluntary movement of the eyes

Front 66

Sensory Areas of Cerebral Cortex

Back 66

Sensory Areas of Cerebral Cortex
1. Primary Somatosensory Cortex
2. Somatosensory Association Cortex
3. Visual Areas
4. Auditory Areas
5. Olfactory Cortex
6. Gustatory Cortex
7. Visceral Sensory Area
8. Vestibular (Equilibrium) Cortex

Front 67

Sensory Areas of Cerebral Cortex:
Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Back 67

Sensory Areas of Cerebral Cortex:
Primary Somatosensory Cortex:
-in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe. Posterior to the primary motor cortex
-spatial discrimination: receive input from sensory receptors in skin & proprioceptors in skeletal muscles & identify region being stimulated

Front 68

Sensory Areas of Cerebral Cortex:
Somatosensory Association Cortex

Back 68

Sensory Areas of Cerebral Cortex:
Somatosensory Association Cortex:
-posterior to primary somatosensory cortex
-integrates sensory inputs (temp., pressure…) relayed to it by primary somatosensory cortex

Front 69

Sensory Areas of Cerebral Cortex:
Visual Areas

Back 69

Sensory Areas of Cerebral Cortex:
Visual Areas:
-primary visual (striate) cortex: posterior tip & medial aspect of occipital lobe; receives visual information from retinas
-visual association area: surrounds primary visual area in occipital lobe; interprets visual stimuli using past visual experiences

Front 70

Sensory Areas:
4. Auditory Areas:

Back 70

Sensory Areas:
4. Auditory Areas:
-primary auditory cortex: temporal lobe next to lateral sulcus; determines pitch, rhythm, & loudness
-auditory association area: posterior to primary auditory cortex; perception of sound & sound memory

Front 71

Sensory Areas:
5. Olfactory Cortex

Back 71

Sensory Areas:
5. Olfactory Cortex: Smell
-frontal lobes just above orbits & medial aspects of temporal lobes
-part of “rhinencephalon”; conscious awareness of odors

Front 72

Sensory Areas:
6.Gustatory Cortex:

Back 72

Sensory Areas:
6.Gustatory Cortex:
-parietal lobe just deep to temporal lobe; perception of taste stimuli

Front 73

Sensory Areas:
7. Visceral Sensory Area

Back 73

Sensory Areas:
7. Visceral Sensory Area:
Cortex of the insula posterior to the gustatory cortex.
-involved in conscious perception of visceral sensations
-upset stomach, full bladder, lungs

Front 74

Sensory Areas:
8.Vestibular Cortex:

Back 74

Sensory Areas:
8.Vestibular Cortex:
posterior region of insula deep to temporal lobe; conscious awareness of balance

Front 75

Multimodal Association Areas:
Anterior Association Area:
Prefrontal Cortex

Back 75

Multimodal Association Areas:
Anterior Association Area:
Prefrontal Cortex:
anterior portion of frontal lobe; most complex cortical region
-involved with intellect, cognition, recall & personality; necessary for production of abstract ideas, judgment, reasoning, planning, conscience, etc.

Front 76

Multimodal Association Areas:
Posterior Association Area

Back 76

Multimodal Association Areas:
Posterior Association Area:
-Large region in parts of temporal, parietal and occipital lobes
-role in recognizing faces, patterns, localizing us and our surroundings in space, and in binding different sensory inputs in a coherent whole.
-many parts involved in understanding written and spoken language

Front 77

Multimodal Association Areas:
Limbic Association Area

Back 77

Multimodal Association Areas:
Limbic Association Area:
-includes cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, and the hippocampus. Part of Limbic system.
-Provides the emotional impact that makes a scene important to us.

Front 78

Chief Homeostatic Roles of Hypothalamus:

Back 78

Chief Homeostatic Roles of Hypothalamus:
1. Autonomic Control Center
2. Center for emotional response
3. Body temperature regulation
4. Regulation of food intake
5. Regulation of water balance and thirst
6. Regulation of sleep-wake cycles
7. Control of endocrine system functioning

Front 79

Cerebellar Peduncles

Back 79

Cerebellar Peduncles:
Three paired fiber tracts connect the cerebellum to the brain stem.
-ipsilateral- fibers entering and leaving cerebellum are from and to the same side of the body
1.Superior Cerebellar Peduncles
2. Middle Cerebellar Peduncles
3. Inferior Cerebellar Penduncles

Front 80

Cerebellar Peduncles:
1.Superior Cerebellar Peduncles:

Back 80

Cerebellar Peduncles:
1.Superior Cerebellar Peduncles:
connect cerebellum and midbrain; carry instructions from neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei to the cerebral motor cortex via thalamic relays.

Front 81

Cerebellar Peduncles:
2. Middle Cerebellar Peduncles:

Back 81

Cerebellar Peduncles:
2. Middle Cerebellar Peduncles:
carry a one way communication from the pons to the cerebellum advising the cerebellum of voluntary motor activities initiated by the motor cortex (via relays in the pontine nuclei)

Front 82

Cerebellar Peduncles:
3. Inferior Cerebellar Penduncles

Back 82

Cerebellar Peduncles:
3. Inferior Cerebellar Penduncles:
Connect medulla and cerebellum. These peduncles convey sensory info to the cerebellum from:
1. muscle proprioceptors through the body
2. the vestibular nuclei of the brain stem, which are concerned with equilibrium and balance

Front 83

Cerebellar Processing:

Back 83

Cerebellar Processing:
1. Motor areas of the cerebral cortex via relay nuclei in the brain stem, notify the cerebellum of their intent to initiate voluntary muscle contractions
2. The cerebellum receives info from proprioceptors throughout the body (regarding tension in the muscles and tendons, and joint position) and from visual and equilibrium pathways. This info enables the cerebellum to evaluate body position and momentum.
3. The cerebellar cortex calculates the best way to coordinate the force, direction, and extent of muscle contraction to prevent overshoot, maintain posture and ensure smooth coordinated movements.
4. Via the superior peduncles, the cerebellum dispatches to the cerebral motor cortex its blueprint for coordinating movement. Cerebellar fibers also send info to brain stem nuclei which in turn influence motor neurons of the spinal cord.

Front 84

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

Back 84

Reticular Activating System (RAS):
-Arm of reticular formation
-Impulses from all the great ascending sensory tracts synapse with RAS neurons, keeping them active and enhancing their arousing effect on the cerebrum.
-Acts like a filter for the flood of sensory inputs.
-The RAS and the cerebral cortex disregard 99% of all sensory stimuli.

Front 85

Brain Wave Patterns and the EEG:
Electroencephalogram or EEG:

Back 85

Brain Wave Patterns and the EEG:
Electroencephalogram or EEG:
records some aspects of electrical activity of neurons in the brain

Front 86

Brain Wave Patterns and the EEG:
Brain Waves

Back 86

Brain Wave Patterns and the EEG:
Brain Waves:
patterns of neuronal electrical activity recorded.
-generated by synaptic activity at the surface of the cortex, rather than by action potentials in the white matter

Front 87

4 classes of Brain Waves

Back 87

4 Classes of Brain Waves:
1. Alpha
2. Beta
3. Theta
4. Delta

Front 88

Alpha Waves

Back 88

Alpha Waves:
(8-13 Hz): indicate relaxed state of wakefulness

Front 89

Beta Waves:

Back 89

Beta Waves:
(14-25 Hz): indicate mental alertness (concentration)

Front 90

Theta Waves:

Back 90

Theta Waves:
(4-7 Hz): common in children; abnormal in adults

Front 91

Delta Waves:

Back 91

Delta Waves:
(< 4 Hz): seen during sleep & anesthesia; abnormal when awake (indicate brain damage)

Front 92

Sleep & Sleep-Awake Cycles:

Back 92

Sleep & Sleep-Awake Cycles:
-sleep is defined as a state of changed consciousness, from which a person can be aroused by stimulation (distinguished from coma, where a person cannot be aroused)
-2 major types of sleep:
-NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep: 4 stages ending in slow-wave sleep
-REM (rapid eye movement) sleep: appears after slow-wave sleep; normally occurs about every 90 minutes
-Most dreams occur during REM sleep (nightmares most often occur during stage 3 & 4 NREM sleep)

Front 93

Language:
Lesion in Broca's Area

Back 93

Lesion in Broca's Area:
can understand language but have difficulty speaking it

Front 94

Language:
Lesion in Wernicke's Area:

Back 94

Language:
Lesion in Wernicke's Area:
able to speak but produce a nonsense referred to as "word salad"

Front 95

Memory

Back 95

Memory:
-involves the storage & retrieval of information

Front 96

What plays a role in memory processing?:

Back 96

What plays a role in memory processing?:
-memory storage occurs in stages & is continually changing
-the hippocampus of the limbic system & surrounding structures play roles in memory processing
-structural changes that encode memory) are widely distributed in the brain

Front 97

Stages of Memory

Back 97

Stages of Memory:
1. short-term memory (STM) or working memory: fleeting memory limited to 7 or 8 chunks of information
2. long-term memory (LTM): appears to have limitless capacity
-transfer of information from STM to LTM is enhanced by:
-emotion tied to an event
-rehearsal
-association of new information with old information in LTM
-automatic (unconscious) memory

Front 98

Categories of Memory:

Back 98

categories of memory:
-fact (declarative) memory: learning explicit information (names, faces, words, dates…); stored with context
-skill (procedural) memory: less conscious memory; involves motor activity (riding a bike or playing a musical instrument); often stored without context

Front 99

Memory Storage Pathway:

Back 99

Memory storage pathway:
sensory perception in cerebral cortex -> hippocampus & amygdala -> diencephalon, basal forebrain & prefrontal cortex -> back to sensory cortex

Front 100

Anterograde Amnesia:

Back 100

Anterograde amnesia:
-ability to associate new information with old is lost; person lives in here & now, but can still learn skills

Front 101

Retrograde amnesia:

Back 101

Retrograde amnesia:
-loss of memories formed in the distant past

Front 102

Formation of Cerebrospinal Fluid:

Back 102

Formation of Cerebrospinal Fluid:
-cerebrospinal fluid: formed by choroid plexuses hanging from the roof of the ventricles
-capillaries feed choroid plexus; ependymal cells lining ventricles regulate content of filtrate
-hydrocephalus: excess CSF in ventricles (due to faulty drainage of CSF into subarachnoid space – caused by tumors, inflammation or developmental abnormalities, head injury or meningitis) causes increased pressure that can damage nerves; can be relieved by draining excess CSF into vena cava or abdominal cavity

Front 103

Blood Flow to Brain:

Back 103

Blood Flow to Brain:
-blood flows to brain via internal carotid & vertebral arteries
-internal jugular veins return blood to heart from head

Front 104

Blood-Brain Barrier:

Back 104

Blood-Brain Barrier:
-capillaries serving brain tissue have tighter junctions than most capillaries of body; let very little through
-bloodborne substances within capillaries of brain separated from extracellular space & neurons by continuous endothelium of capillary walls, thick basal lamina & astrocytes contacting capillaries
-selective barrier: allows diffusion of nutrients but not metabolic wastes to enter brain tissue
-ineffective against fats, fat soluble molecules (some drugs) & alcohol
-some beneficial drugs (for brain cancer or infections) also cannot pass
-brain injury or infection/inflammation may result in localized breakdown of blood-brain barrier

Front 105

Spinal Cord

Back 105

Spinal Cord:
enclosed within vertebral column; extends from foramen magnum of skull to level of first or second lumbar vertebrae
-two-way conduction path to & from brain
-major reflex center: spinal reflexes initiated & completed at spinal cord level

Front 106

Multimodal Association Area of Cerebral Cortex:

Back 106

Multimodal Association Area of Cerebral Cortex:
-seems to be where sensations, thoughts, and emotions become conscious; makes us who we are
-allows us to give meaning to the info that we receive, store it in memory if needed, tie it to previous experience and knowledge, and decide what action to take.
-Anterior, Posterior, and Limbic

Front 107

In general, how does information flow in the brain?

Back 107

In general, how does information flow in the brain?:
-From sensory receptors to the appropriate primary sensory cortex, then to a sensory association cortex and then on to the multimodal association cortex.

Front 108

Sensory Areas of Cerebral Cortex:

Back 108

Sensory Areas of Cerebral Cortex:
-Areas concerned with conscious awareness of sensation
-The sensory areas of the cortex occur in the parietal, insular, temporal, and occipital lobes
- Primary Somatosensory Cortex, Somatosensory Association Cortex, Visual Areas, Auditory Areas, Olfactory Cortex, Gustatory Cortex, Visceral Sensory Area, and Vestibular Cortex

Front 109

Motor Areas of Cerebral Cortex:

Back 109

Motor Areas of Cerebral Cortex:
-control voluntary movement
-lie in posterior part of frontal lobes
-Primary motor cotex, premotor cortex, Broca's area, and the frontal eye field.