Cellular Biology Exam Ii

Front 1

RNA contains:

Back 1

Ribose and Uracil

Front 2

DNA contains:

Back 2

Deoxyribose and Thymine

Front 3

Transcription:
Which enzyme?

Back 3

Transcription produces and RNA complementary to one strand of DNA.

Transcribed by enzyme RNA Polymerase.

Front 4

Name the four types of RNA produced in cells

Back 4

mRNA, rRNA, miRNA, other small RNA

Front 5

mRNA

Back 5

Codes for proteins

Front 6

rRNA

Back 6

Forms the core of the ribosome and catalyzes protein synthesis

Front 7

miRNA

Back 7

Regulates gene expression

Front 8

Name the three types of RNA Polymerase and their functions

Back 8

RNA Polymerase I - transcribes most tRNA genes
RNA Polymerase II - transcribes protein coding, miRNA, and small RNA genes
RNA Polymerase III - transcribes tRNA, 5s rRNA, and small RNA genes

Front 9

Eucaryotic mRNA molecules are modified (processed) by:

Back 9

Capping & Polyadenylation

Front 10

Procaryotic Coding Region:

Back 10

Bacterial gene

Front 11

Eucaryotic Coding Region:

Back 11

Exons = Coding Region, Intron = Non coding Region

Front 12

____________ signal the beginning and end of an intron

Back 12

Special nucleotide sequences

Can be used to remove the intron

Front 13

Splicosome:

Back 13

Removal of intron sequences

Front 14

Alternative Splicing:

Back 14

Exons are either retained in the mRNA or targeted for removal in different combinations to create a diverse array of mRNA's from a single pre-mRNA

Front 15

Nucleotide sequence of an mRNA is translated into:

Back 15

Amino acid sequence of a protein. [64 codons per amino acid - 20 different types of amino acids]

Front 16

Wobble base pairs occur between:

Back 16

Codons and anticodons; third nucleotide sequence is irrelevant

mRNA = codon, amino acid = anticodon

Front 17

tRNA molecules:

Back 17

Link amino acids to codons

Front 18

What couples an amino acid to tRNA

Back 18

Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase

Front 19

RNA message decoded onto:

Back 19

Ribosomes: 2 subunits: large has 3 RNA molecules, small has 1 RNA molecules, combine for more than 80 proteins total

Front 20

Polysomes:

Back 20

Several ribosomes translating an mRNA at the same time

Front 21

Chaperones:

Back 21

cotranslational folding of a protein

Front 22

Eucaryotic gene expression can be controlled at 6 different steps:

Back 22

Transcriptional Control
Translational Control
RNA Processing Control
RNA Transport and Localization Control
mRNA Degradation Control
Protein Activity Control

Front 23

Transcription regulators and their DNA binding motiffs

Back 23

Homeodomain, Zinc Finger, Leucin Zipper

Front 24

What turns the lac operon in E. coli on?

Back 24

+Lactose, -Glucose

Front 25

Generators of Genetic Variation:

Back 25

Mutation within a Gene
Mutation within a Regulatory Region
Gene Ducplication
Exon Shuffling
Horizontal Transfer

Front 26

Conjugation:

Back 26

Bacterial Cells sharing/exchanging DNA

Front 27

Transformation:

Back 27

Bacterial cells taking up foreign DNA (eating it)

Front 28

Typical Membane Molecule:

Back 28

Hydrophilic Head
Hydrophobic Tail

Front 29

Influence of cis-double bonds:

Back 29

Unsaturated hydrocarbon chains with: more fluid
Saturated hydrocarbon chains without: less fluid

Front 30

What stiffens the membrane?

Back 30

Cholestrol, due to rigid planar steroid ring structure

Front 31

How Phospholipids move within the membrane:

Back 31

Lateral Diffusion: Side to side
Flexion: move legs
Rotation
Flip flop

Front 32

These are distributed asymmetrically in the plasma membrane lipid bi layer:

Back 32

Phospholipids and Glycolipids

Front 33

Membrane proteins associate with the lipid bi layer in these ways:

Back 33

Transmembrane: Through both layers of the bi layer
Monolayer Associated: Through only one layer
Lipid Bilayer: Connects to bilayer by a lipid
Protein Attached: attached to another (transmembrane) protein

Front 34

Eucaryotic cells are coated with:

Back 34

Glycocalix

Front 35

Small molecules and ions can enter the cell through:

Back 35

a Transporter (solute) or a Channel (ion)

Front 36

Molecules that diffuse easily across the bilayer:

Back 36

Small hydrophobic molecules
Small uncharged polar molecules

Front 37

Molecules that do not diffuse easily across the bilayer:

Back 37

Large uncharged polar molecules
Ions

Front 38

Cells drive active transport by:

Back 38

Coupled Transporter: one molecule from each side of bi layer switching sides
ATP Driven Pump: ATP used to power transfer of a molecule to other side
Light Driven Pump: Light used to power transfer of a molecule to other side

Front 39

Na+ - K+ Pump

Back 39

Plays a central role in membrane transport in animal cells

Front 40

Glucose transporters that enable gut eithelial cells to transfer glucose across the gut lining:

Back 40

Glucose-Na Symport
Glucose Uniport

Front 41

Uniport:

Back 41

One transported molecule goes one way

Front 42

Coupled Transport:

Back 42

Symport: 2 molecules pass to other side of bi layer
Antiport: 1 molecules from each side passes to other side of bi layer

Front 43

Three Stages of Cellular metabolism:

Back 43

1. Breakdown of large macromolecules into small subunits
2. Breakdown of subunits into Acetyl CoA. Small amounts of ATP and NADH produced
3. Complete Oxydation of Acetly CoA into CO2 and H2O. Large amounts of ATP produced in mitochondrion

Front 44

Stepwise Oxidation of Sugars:

Back 44

Begins with Glycolysis, Produces Pyruvate

Front 45

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

Back 45

In the presence of oxygen, Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA and CO2 by this enzyme in the mitochondrial matrix

Front 46

Fatty acids are also oxidized to:

Back 46

Acetyl CoA

Front 47

These power the production of ATP:

Back 47

High energy electrons from NADH and FADH

Front 48

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Back 48

Mitochondria catalyze a major conversion of energy

After the citric acid cycle, the NADH that is produced is oxidized with 2 high energy electrons which turn it into ATP

Front 49

Citric Acid Cycle:

Back 49

Acetycl CoA ---> NADH
Then the NADH and FADH2 are oxidized with 2 high energy electrons (oxidative phosphorylation) to ATP

Mainly happens in the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

Front 50

NADH & FADH ATP

Back 50

NADH > 3 ATP
FADH > 2 ATP

Front 51

Electrons are transferred through 3 respiratory enzyme complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane and reduce O2 to water:

Back 51

NADH Dehydrogenase Complex
Cytochrome b-c1 Complex
Cytochrome Oxidase Complex

Front 52

Protein degradation caused by:

Back 52

Ubiquitylation

Front 53

Electron transport chain as part of oxidative phosphorylation

Back 53

3 protein complexes embedded in the mitochondrial membrane, which pump H+ protons out, creating a gradient. Then 2 H2O molecules are produced. ATP synthase (again in the membrane) brings in a proton, providing the energy for the systhesis of ATP from ADP and a P.

Front 54

Liver cells store what to provide energy in times of fasting?

Back 54

Glycogen

Front 55

ATP synthase is:

Back 55

Reversible

Front 56

Chloroplast Energy Production:

Back 56

In chloroplast, light and water is used to make ATP and NADH, then in the dark reaction sugars, fatty acids, etc are produced with incoming CO2 (O2 is waste)

Front 57

Thylakoid Membrane:

Back 57

O2 release from water creates an H+ proton gradient, leading to synthesis of NADPH and ATP