Cells Of The Nervous System 1 - Reier

Front 1

Neurons are derived from what embryological precursor?

Back 1

Neuroectoderm

Front 2

Type of glial cell found in the PNS

Back 2

Schwann Cells

Front 3

Types of glial cells found in the CNS (4)

Back 3

-Astrocytes
-Oligodentrocytes
-Microglia
-Ependymal Cells

Front 4

Which type of glial cell is not derived from neuroectoderm? What is it derived from?

Back 4

Microglia - derived from Mesoderm

Front 5

The receiver component of the neuron is called what?

Back 5

Dendrite

Front 6

The metabolic center which contains the nucleus and organelles of the neuron, also a receiving component of the neuron

Back 6

Cell body

Front 7

The area of the cell that transduces the signal to be sent to other cells is called what?

Back 7

Axon

Front 8

A neuron can only have one ________ but may have multiple ____________.

Back 8

one axon; multiple dentrites (if has many dendrites called "multipolar")

Front 9

The secretory portion of the axon where signal transmission to another cell occurs

Back 9

axon terminal

Front 10

Information coming into the cell body is called ____________; information going out from the cell body is called ______________.

Back 10

Afferent - into cell body
Efferent - away from cell body

Front 11

Organelle depicted here that is present in high amounts in neurons

Back 11

Rough ER or Nissl substance - reflects the large amount of protein synthesis that occurs in neurons

Front 12

The unmyelinated initial segment where the axon connects to the cell body shown is called what? What occurs here?

Back 12

-Axon hillock
-where the action potential is generated

Front 13

T/F Axons are capable of protein synthesis

Back 13

False
-protein synthesis occurs in dendrites and cell body only

Front 14

The layer of insulation on the axon that allows for more rapid impulse conduction

Back 14

Myelin sheath

Front 15

The process by which proteins, lipids, mitochondria and synaptic vesicles move to and from the axoplasm is called what?

Back 15

Axonal transport

Front 16

Movement toward the cell body from the axon terminal is called _________; movement from the cell body to the axon terminal is called ____________.

Back 16

-retrograde transport
-anterograde transport

Front 17

What is protein tau?

Back 17

A microtubule associated protein thought to maintain the integrity of microtubules which are important for axonal transport

Front 18

A type of intermediate filament found in nerve cells; also important for axonal transport, along with microtubules

Back 18

Neurofilaments

Front 19

The degeneration of neurofilaments has been implicated in what disease?

Back 19

Alzheimer's

(microtubule and neurofilament degeneration associated with many neuropathologies)

Front 20

Slow anterograde transport is used for the movement of _________.

Back 20

soluble proteins

Front 21

Proteins destined to become membrane proteins or neurotransmitters are transported via ______________.

Back 21

Fast anterograde transport

Front 22

Retrograde transport occurs similarly to which anterograde transport system?

Back 22

Fast anterograde transport

Front 23

What kind of diseases require treatment with antimitotics that can affect microtubules? What side effect does this cause?

Back 23

-Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's cancers
-Paresthesias (affects anterograde transport)

Front 24

What important things are transported back to the cell body via retrograde transport? How can this be detrimental to the cell?

Back 24

-Trophic/growth factors
-Can transmit viruses

Front 25

The presynaptic terminal or axon terminal is also called what?

Back 25

synaptic bouton

Front 26

A neuron can have many or few ___________, and this determines how much the cell is "listening" to

Back 26

dendrites

Front 27

The non-smooth edges of the dendrite shown depict what?

Back 27

Dendritic spines

Front 28

Dendritic spines are correlated with what processes?

Back 28

Learning and neuroplasticity

Front 29

Shown are aggregates of cytoskeleton called what?

Back 29

Lewy bodies

Front 30

Lewy body disease is the second most common cause of what?

Back 30

Dementia

-also they are found in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's

Front 31

What is a tauopathy?

Back 31

A neurodegenerative disease associated with formation of aggregates of protein Tau

Front 32

What disease is a tauopathy? What two features are associated with it?

Back 32

-Alzheimer's disease
-amyloid plaques (tau protein aggregates outside the neuron) and neurofibrillary tangles (tau protein aggregates within the neuron)

Front 33

What kinds of deficits are associated with abnormal dendritic spines?

Back 33

Mental retardation (Down's Syndrome)

Front 34

T/F Glial cells do not generate action potentials

Back 34

True - do not form synapses and are electrically unexcitable

Front 35

T/F Glial cells, like neurons, have axons and dendrites

Back 35

False - only one type of cytoplasmic process

Front 36

The "medusa-like" glial cells depicted here are called what?

Back 36

astrocytes

Front 37

Two major functions of astrocytes

Back 37

-maintain ionic homeostasis
-form a barrier between CNS and Non-CNS tissue (wall it off, often found near vessels)

Front 38

The downside of the tendency of astrocytes to protect the CNS from Non-CNS tissue is what?

Back 38

Glial scar formation and tumor formation (astrocytomas, glioblastoma multiforme)

Front 39

Glial cells in the CNS responsible for myelin formation

Back 39

Oligodentrocytes

Front 40

The _______ determines whether myelin is made and how much.

Back 40

Axon (cross-talk with developing oligodentrocyte)

Front 41

Junctions where segments of myelin sheath stop and start again are called what?

Back 41

Nodes of Ranvier

Front 42

Nodes of Ranvier are important for what?

Back 42

Rapid signal transduction

Front 43

What disease involves the interruption of the myelin sheath?

Back 43

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Front 44

Compare oligodentrocytes with Schwann cells in their ability to myelinate neurons

Back 44

-Oligodendrocytes - one can myelinate many internodes
-SCs - one can only myelinate one internodal segment on one axon

Front 45

Which (oligodentrocytes or SCs) also surround unmyelinated neurons?

Back 45

SCs

Front 46

Which has connective tissue - PNS or CNS?

Back 46

PNS

Front 47

Autoimmune disease in which autoimmune complexes attack myelin sheath causing interruptions in the sheath and conduction block?

Back 47

MS

Front 48

What are MS plaques?

Back 48

Demyelinated areas that light up white when tissue is stained for myelin

Front 49

_______ matter contains mostly myelinated axons.

Back 49

White

Grey - mostly cell bodies

Front 50

Microglia play a role in what?

Back 50

Mediating immune and inflammatory processes in the CNS

Front 51

These cells line the ventricular system and help circulate CSF via cilia action

Back 51

Ependymal cells

Front 52

Tumors that can form from these cells and spread via the CSF are called what?

Back 52

Ependymomas