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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two main derivative cells of the immune system? |
All cells of the immune system either derive from Leucocytes or Myeloid Progenitor Cells |
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What type of cells do Lymphocytes stem from? |
Lymphocytes stem from Leucocytes |
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What type of cells do dendritic cells, mast cells and myeloblasts stem from? |
Myeloid progenitor cells |
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What type of cells do basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages stem from? What part of the immune system do these cells make up? |
They stem from Granulocytes They are part of the non-specific immune response. |
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What part of of the immune system are T lymphocytes? Where in the body do they arise from and then mature? What is there role in immunity? |
T cells are part of the cell mediated Specific immune system (they include CD8+ cells, CD+ Helper cells and suppressor cells) They are produced in the bone marrow and then mature in the thymus. They attack mostly infected body cells, they help the immunity to deal with multicultural parasites, fungi, cancer, and tissue transplants (unhelpfully) They can be either T killer cells or T helper cells which stimulate B cells. |
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What is the role of mast cells? |
Mast cells are part of the non-specific immune system. They are involved in allergic reactions. They degranulate to produce histamine, heparin and chemotactic factors (for esoniphils) |
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What is another name for all immunoglobulins? |
All immunoglobulins are types of Antibodies |
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What is the only immunoglobulin that is able to cross the placenta? |
IgG - is the only immunoglobulin that can cross the placenta *it is involved in the secondary immune response in the body and it is the largest proportion of immunoglobulins in the plasma* |
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What is the immunoglobulin (antibody) responsible for histamine and eosinophils stimulation in the allergic response? |
IgE |
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What is the immunoglobulin responsible for activating Mast cells and basophils? |
IgD |
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What type of hypersensitivity is responsible for the bodies immediate response to an allergen?
What type of immunoglobulin does it involve? |
Type I Hypersensitivity is responsible for allergic reactions. It mainly involves IgE. IgE works by stimulating mast cells to degranulate - resulting in histamine release. |
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What type of hypersensitivity reaction is responsible for immune-complex reactions? What type of immunoglobulin does it involve? |
Type III Hypersensitivity is responsible for immune-complex reactions. ie. It is responsible for non-organ specific auto-immune reactions e.g SLE and Rheumatoid arthritis It has IgG and complement involvement |
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What type of disease are found in type II hypersensitivity? What immunoglobulins are involved? |
Type II hypersensitivity is a Cytotoxic reaction, It is found in graves disease and thematic fever, and rehsus negative rejection in babies It is an antibody-mediated reaction, It is IgM (involved in primary immune response) and then IgG mediated |
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What type of hypersensitivity is known as delayed hypersensitivity and is responsible for Hashimotos thyroiditis and MS? |
Hypersensitivity Type IV is delayed hypersensitivity and is cell mediated (t cells and B cells) There is mainly T cell involvement. |
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What type of cells are responsible for producing antibodies? |
B cells (B lymphocytes) |
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What does the term Atopy mean? |
Atopy is a genetic tendency to produce IgE to normally inocuos environmental allergens |
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What type of cells are first to be released in response to an allergen? |
Mast cells are first to be released in any allergic reaction. Then after mast cells IgE comes along. |
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What are the common precipitants for triggering an Anaphylaxis reaction?
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Food - fish, nuts (common if they have a nut allergy they will be allergic to other nuts, or in the case of peanuts they will probs also be allergic to legumes), shellfish Insect venom - bee, wasp Drugs - antibiotics, anaesthetics |
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What are the possible diagnostic options to determine if a patient has an allergy to a certain substance? (i.e if they have Type I hypersensitivity) |
History/Examination about the allergen Skin prick tests Laboratory investigations - IgE levels (RAST test) also test for histamine levels |
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What are the common treatment options used to treat a patient with an allergy? |
Avoid allergen Patient education Antihistamines Corticosteroids Leukotriene Antagonists Desensitisation immunotherapy - give them small doses of allergen and then increase, can be v dangerous but can irradiate problem all together. |
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What is Type II hypersensitivity? Give an example of a Type II |
Type II is IgM and IgG mediated. It is when there is a cross over between autoimmunity and hypersensitivity. If there is a blood mismatch there will be a type II reaction. *IgG can cross the placenta and so it is possible for mothers to have type II hypersensitivity reactions towards rhesus negative babies* |
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What type of reaction occurs in type II hypersensitivity? |
Type II triggers complement activation of antibody dependant cytotoxicity. ie. The antibodies bind directly to the antigens cell surface, it is an antibody mediated attack. |
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What are the two main organ specific type II autoimmune diseases? |
Grave's disease ( antibodies stimulate TSH receptor) Myasthenia gravis (antibodies block acetyl choline receptors) |
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What is the main treatment strategy for Type II hypersensitivity? |
Prevention: Cross matching of blood before given, detection of rhesus incompatiblity in pregnancy. Immune suppression: Immunosupressant therapy |
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What is an immune complex? |
Immune complex's form in response to an antibody meeting an antigen. Complex refers to the lattice complex they form when the antibodies meet the antigens. |
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What do type III hypersensitivity reactions form i response to? |
Type III occurs in response to 'Antigen Factors', ie. the bodies chronic persistence of an antigen and an abnormally high ratio of antigen to antibody.
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What are the two forms in which Type III hypersensitivity reactions can occur? |
Serum sickness - A systemic illness where immune complexes form in the circulation and are deposited in a widespread fashion throughout many tissues Arthurs Reaction - localised immune complexes just form in tissue and dont travel round in the blood |
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What clinical disorders are associated with Type III hypersensitivity? |
Pigeon fanciers lung Post - steptococcal glomelularnephritis Tumours SLE |
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What are the clinical features in test results that would confirm a diagnosis of Type III hypersensitivity? |
Tissue biopsy showing circulating immune complexes |
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What is the typical treatment for type III hypersensitivity? |
Antigen elimination - e.g get rid of the causative infection of tumour Removal of immune complex's Immunosuppressive therapy |
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What makesType IV hypersensitivity unique in terms of antibody involvement? |
In Type IV there is no antibody involvement. All the rest do have antibody involvement. *often caused by interaction with substances that are too big to get into the immune system and this is why there is no antibody involvement* |
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What is the main cell involved in type IV hypersensitivity reactions? |
T helper cells are mainly involved in Type IV *it forms a granulomatous inflammatory response* |
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When do Type IV hypersensitivity reactions occur? |
Type IV occurs when the pathogen threatening the body is too big for the antibodies to deal with. This reaction takes place because the bodies immune system are finding it too difficult to deal with the microorganisms. *unlike type I which has immediate response, Type IV reaction there is usually a delay of 4-72 hours between antigen exposure and any clinical effect - this is why Type IV is frequently called delayed hypersensitivity* |
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What kind of irritants and disease is Type IV associated with? |
Metals Drugs Plastics Rubbers Plants Cosmetics *associated with the Mantoux test (skin test for Type IV)* |
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What is the first line treatment used for if a patient has type IV hypersensitivity reactions? |
Main treatment is corticosteroids *type IV seems to respond really well to steroids* |
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What is the physiological response to mast cell secretion? |
Vasodilation Capillary Leakage Smooth muscle contraction |
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What happens during a type III hypersensitive reaction? |
This is where an abnormally large amount of immune complexes form around the antigens as clumps of antibodies . A low concentration of antibodies coupled with a high volume of antigen us what causes these damaging complexs to form. |
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What cells are predominantly involved in a type IV Hypersensitivity reaction? |
CD4 T helper cells trigger cytokine production |
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What is the role of Haptens in type IV hypersensitivity reactions? |
For type IV hypersensitivity reactions, environmental agents are normally of very low molecular weight (flakes of metal or spores of plants), these low molecular weight agents are called Haptens and they need to bind to proteins for enough antigenic bulk to be recognised. |
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Where do all lymphoid cells originate from? |
All lymphoid cells originate from the bone marrow |
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Where in the body do T lymphocytes mature? |
T lymphocytes mature in the Thymus |
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Where in the body do B lymphoid cells mature? |
B cells mature in the bone marrow *they are the precursors for antibodies and eventually become plasma cells* |
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What type of CD (transmembrane glycoprotein) are cytotoxic T killer cells associated with? |
T killer cells use CD8 for increased binding |
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What type of CD (transmembrane glycoprotein) are cytotoxic T helper cells associated with? |
T helper cells use CD4 for increased binding |
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What is the main interleukin involved in recruiting the immune response cells? |
Main interleukin involved in inflammatory response is IL-1 |
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What cells come under the bracket of lymphocytes? |
B cells T cells NK cells |
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What type of immunoglobulins are involved in the primary response to an antigen? |
Primary response comes from IgE and IgM |
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What type of immunoglobulins are involved in the secondary response to an antigen? |
Secondary response comes from IgG |
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Why does CD4 destruction in HIV lead to reduced immunity? |
Isotope switching from IgM primary immune response to IgG is mediated by CD4 cells. So without CD4 cells IgG cannot switch to IgM and so the immune systen is not as robust as a result. |
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What is the purpose of the compliment system and what physiological changes does it create in the body? |
The aim of the complement pathway is to remove or destroy an antigen, either by direct lysis or optimisation. Compliment activation results in increased vascular permeability and chemoattraction of leukocytes, enhanced phagocytosis and cell lysis. |
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What types of cells are responsible for killing target cells? |
Target cells may be killed specifically by cytotoxic T cells or nonspecifically by macrophages or Natural killer cells |
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What are the steps involved in the bodies response to an invading virus? |
Virus enters blood stream, macrophages ingest the virus and then present the antigens on its own surface (innate immune system). This presentation of antigens activates T helper cells (adaptive immunity) which then activate Tkiller cells and B lymphocytes. The T killer cells attack the infected host cells whilst at the same time the B lymphocytes are producing plasma cells to secret antibodies agains the virus. The whole time cytokines released by the macrophages are stimulating a non-specific inflammatory response. |
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What type of cells do T helper cells stimulate?
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T helper cells work by stimulating B cells to divide and produce more antibodies. T helper cells stimulate B cells using Cytokines (chemical messengers in the blood) |
