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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does the cell doctrine state?
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All living things are composed of cells.
A cell is the smallest unit exhibiting all characteristics of life. All cells come from preexisting cells. |
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What are the types of microscopes as we know them today?
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Light microscope- magnifies up to 1000 times.
TEM developed 1950s- shows internal cell structure, magnifies up to 1 million times. SEM developed 1970s- studies external surface of cells. |
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Define protoplasm.
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The part of the cell made up by the cytoplasm (internal region of the cell which also includes organelles) and the nucleus.
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Define diffusion.
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A way that substances can pass through the cell membrane.
SMALL molecules from an area of HIGH concentration to LOW concentration. |
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Define osmosis.
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A way that water can pass through the cell membrane.
WATER from an area of HIGH concentration to LOW concentration. |
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Define facilitated transport.
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A way that substances can pass through the cell membrane.
A molecule attaches to a transport protien and moves from an area of HIGH concentration to LOW concentration. |
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Define active transport.
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A way that substances can pass through the cell membrane.
Movement of ions and large molecules against a common gradient. It requires ATP. |
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Define endocytosis.
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A way that substances can pass through the cell membrane.
Formation of vesicles (pinocytosis) or vacuoles (phagocytosis). |
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Define pinocytosis.
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"Cell drinking." Cell takes in large molecules that are soluble in water. Forms a vesicle.
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Define phagocytosis.
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"Cell eating." Cell takes in large material that is not in solution. Forms a vacuole.
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What are microvilli and where are they common?
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Foldings of the cell membrane to increase the absorptive surface.
Common in cells that function in absorption of many materials, e.g. cells lining the small intestine. |
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What are desmosomes?
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Cell junctions between adjacent cells.
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What is the function of endoplasmic reticulum?
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Transports molecules throughout the cell.
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What to ribosomes do?
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They function in protien synthesis- they put amino acids together to form new proteins.
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What are the two parts to the Golgi apparatus, and in what does this organelle function?
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Two parts: Golgi sacs, Golgi vesicles.
Three functions: Synthesizing carbohydrates; packagning proteins into enzymes; forming new membranes. |
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What does the mitochondria do?
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It's the "powerhouse" of the cell. It is the site of cellular respiration- it produces ATP.
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What do lysosomes do?
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They digest food, and break down cells after death.
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What encloses food in pinocytosis?
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Vesicle. (small)
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What encloses food in phagocytosis?
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Vacuole. (large)
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What are microtubules?
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Narrow, elongate, HOLLOW rods.
(tube = hollow) Found in cytoskeleton, cilia and flagella, and centrioles. |
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What are microfilaments?
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Narrow, elongate, SOLID rods.
(fill (filled) = solid) Found in cytoskeleton and muscle cells. |
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What are the parts of the nucleus? Describe each.
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Nuclear membrane- double membrane with pores to connect it to cytoplasm.
Nucleolus (1 or 2 present)- dense, contains RNA. Nucleoplasm- contains chromatin material that consists of DNA. |
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What are the stages of mitosis?
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Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
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Describe interphase.
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Three events: G1 (cell growth); S (DNA replicated); G2 (prepares for division)
Nuclear memrane distinct; nucleolus present; chromosomes indistinct. |
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Describe prophase.
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Centrioles replicate and move to opposite poles of cells; chromosomes visible in a circular arrangement; nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear.
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Describe metaphase.
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Chromosomes are lined in the center of the cell.
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Describe anaphase.
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The centromere divides and the two chromosomes separate and are moved to opposite poles.
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Describe telophase.
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Daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles and stain. Cytokinesis occurs- the cytoplasmic organelles replicate and divide. Cleavage furrow / equatorial plate forms.
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