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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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two main types of cells
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Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Both have DNA, cytoplasm, cell membrane |
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Cell membrane = cytoplasmic membrane = plasma membrane
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Mainly lipids and some proteins, which act as channels, enzymes, recognition proteins, etc
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cell membrane function
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Regulates passage of materials, energy storage, and light harvesting
Membrane is selectively permeable Movement passive or active (require ATP) |
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diffusion
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FIND
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facilitated diffusion
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special proteins from channels
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osmosis
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Movement of water across a membrane
Can be isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic |
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active transport
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Requires ATP to move molecules against a concentration gradient
Three main types of proteins |
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group translocation
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Occurs only in some prokaryotes
Molecule is altered as it is transported |
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cell membrane is eukaryotes
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have sterols
Eukaryotes lack group transport Endocytosis only in Eukaryotes |
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Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis Exocytosis |
FIND
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prokaryote structures
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Glycocalces:
Outer coating If firmly attached is a capsule If water soluble then is a slime layer Capsule can allows attachment, or prevent detection |
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flagella
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Bacterial flagella have
three parts Filament, hook, basal body Filament composed of Flagellin Filament rotates 360 |
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flagella arrangements
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Polar or peritrichous
In spirochetes endoflagella spiral tightly around the cell |
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flagella movement
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Motion clockwise or counterclockwise
Move, pause, “tumble” Movement in response to stimuli called taxis |
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fimbriae
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are proteinaceous projections
100’s can occur on the surface of the cell Important in establishing biofilms |
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pili
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composed of pilin
Longer than fimbriae but shorter than flagella When they occur they range from 1-10 per cell pili can be extruded and then retracted Conjugation pili |
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prokaryotes
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Most prokaryotes have cell walls
Bacteria and Archeae have different cell walls Bacterial cells walls composed of peptidoglycans |
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bacterial cell wall
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N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid
Chains of sugars linked with tetrapeptides tetrapeptides themselves can be connected by amino acids |
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gram positive cell wall
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teichoic acids link to lipids to form lipoteichoic acids
Links cell wall to the cell membrane Cell wall is polar (negative) |
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gram negative
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Thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by a second membrane
Outer membrane: Inner layer composed of phospholipids and proteins outer layer composed of lipopolysaccharides |
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outer membrane
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can prevent antibiotics from entering, but…
Treating gram-negative bacteria liberates lipid A from membrane can trigger fever, vasodilation, inflammation, shock, and blood clotting |
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cytoplasm
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Cytosol is liquid part of the cytoplasm
DNA in the nucleoid Inclusions Ribosomes, smaller than eukaryotes Cytoskeleton used to maintain shape |
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Endospores
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Two membranes and a spore coat form around the DNA and small portion of the cytoplasm
Dipicolinic acid, calcium, and DNA binding proteins Water is removed Creates very resistant structure |
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eukaryotes
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Glycocalyces, present in cells that lack a cell wall,
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cell wall
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Present in fungi, plants, algae, and some protozoa
Provides protection and mechanical support for the cell Composed of polysaccharides |
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flagella and cilia
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Flagella different in Eukaryotes
shaft of flagellum is composed of tubulin Nine pairs of microtubules form a ring around a pair of microtubules No hook structure |
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eukaryote flagella movement
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flagella undulate back and forth
No tumbles |
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cilia
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Short hair-like structures similar in composition to flagella, not present in prokaryotes
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cytoskeleton
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provides basic shape to cell, anchors and moves organelles
Composed of tubulin, microfilaments, actin and intermediate filaments |
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centrioles and centrosome
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Centrioles occur in pairs, located in “centrosome”
Plays role in mitosis |
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Nucleus
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contains Chromatin
Nuclear envelope surrounds nucleoplasm Nuclear pores |
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Endoplasmic recticulum
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Membrane continuous with the nuclear envelope
Two forms SER helps form lipids RER where some proteins created Ribosomes; larger than in prokaryotes |
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Golgi bodies
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site of protein modification
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Lysosome
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Lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles, and vesicles
Vesicles and vacuoles can store lipids, starches, etc Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes Peroxisomes contain oxidase and catalase. Break down toxic metabolites |
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Mitochondria
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Outer membrane composed of two layers
Recycles ATP |
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Chloroplast
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In plants and algae
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