Cell Reproduction

Front 1

DNA looks like______

Back 1

Spiral staircase

Front 2

How many forms of DNA?

Back 2

one

Front 3

DNA has a _____ helix

Back 3

double

Front 4

The sides are Alternating ____ and ____

Back 4

Sugar, Phosphates

Front 5

The sugar is ________

Back 5

the dioxyribose

Front 6

The middle rungs of DNA are made of ________

Back 6

nitrogen bases

Front 7

The bases are

Back 7

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine

Front 8

What bases always pair with each other?

Back 8

Adenine with Thymine and
Cytosine with Guanine

Front 9

What stage does DNA replication occer?

Back 9

Always in Interphase

Front 10

What happens in DNA replication?

Back 10

DNA unwinds and seperates, loose nitrogen Basis in the nucleus pair with the open nitrogen basis, The order matches exactly

Front 11

The DNA remains ______ between the parent and the offspring.

Back 11

The same

Front 12

What does DNA do?

Back 12

controls everything you do

Front 13

RNA has ________ helix

Back 13

a single

Front 14

What are the nitrogen basis of RNA?

Back 14

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

Front 15

Which Nitrogen Basis pair up?

Back 15

Adenine with Uracil and Cytosine with Guanine

Front 16

What does the RNA do?

Back 16

Produces protiens

Front 17

RNA undergoes _______ and _______

Back 17

transcription, translation

Front 18

How many forms of RNA are there?

Back 18

three

Front 19

What are the three types of RNA?

Back 19

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Front 20

mRNA is the __________ RNA

Back 20

Messanger

Front 21

mRNA is found ________

Back 21

in the nucleus

Front 22

mRNA ________ on open DNA helix, then _____ and matches ________to create RNA strand

Back 22

Reads, unzips, the complementry bases

Front 23

rRNA is the ________ RNA

Back 23

ribo-somal

Front 24

rRNA is found in __________ part of the ____________

Back 24

Cytoplasm, ribosome

Front 25

the rRNA reads the RNA in ________ (threebases in order)

Back 25

triplets

Front 26

tRNA is the_______ RNA

Back 26

transfer

Front 27

the tRNA is found in the _______

Back 27

cytoplasm

Front 28

the RNA carries ___________ to make a _______, which creats a _______

Back 28

specific amino acids, chain, protien

Front 29

How many stages to Protein synthesis, What are they?

Back 29

two, Transcrpition and translation

Front 30

Transcription is the ___________

Back 30

copying of the DNA

Front 31

Translation is ______________

Back 31

decoding and translating the RNA

Front 32

What is the cell cycle?

Back 32

the regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo

Front 33

All parts of the cell are either _____ or _____ evenly during the cell cycle.

Back 33

duplicated, divided

Front 34

One parent cell becomes _____ daughter cell/s

Back 34

2

Front 35

How many stages in the cell cycle?

Back 35

3

Front 36

How many stages in mitosis?

Back 36

4

Front 37

What are the stages (including the steps in mitosis?

Back 37

Interphase, Mitosis (prophase, metaphase anaphase, telophase) Cytokanesis

Front 38

INTERPHASE
- ___ (shortest/ longest/ other) period of time
-is over when________
-occers_______
-DNA _____ after_______
-ends with_______

Back 38

longest
the cell doubles in size
in the nucleous
replicates, The cell grows
2 identical DNA

Front 39

MITOSIS
-occers in ________ stages
-Nuclear________
-the cells nucleus______ into __ new _____
-__ copy of ____ is distributed to each _______ cell

Back 39

4
division
devides, 2, nuclei
one, DNA, daughter

Front 40

What is chromatin?

Back 40

DNA in the nucleus ost of the cells life, thread like, a jumbled mass (all jumbled in a *tin*)

Front 41

What is chromatid?

Back 41

tight condensed coils made of chromatins (loopy "d" is like a coil)

Front 42

What is a chromosome?

Back 42

two identical chromatids joind (in and x) by a centromere

Front 43

what are the stages of mitosis?

Back 43

prophase, metephase, anaphase, and telophase

Front 44

What happens during prophase?

Back 44

thread like chromatins condense and coil into chromatids in the nucleus, and the nucluar membrane starts dissolving

Front 45

What happens during metephase? what does met mean?

Back 45

met = middle
the chromosomes align along the middle of the cell on an imaganary equater.

Front 46

What hapens during anaphase?

Back 46

The chromasomes begin seperating and attach to spindle fibers that come out of the north and south poles of the cell (form v shapes on the ends of the spidle fiber)

Front 47

What happens during telephase?

Back 47

The chromosomes continue to seperate and start moving to oposite poles of the cell, the cromatids unwind into cromatins, and the nuclear membrane start to form

Front 48

What happens during cytokinesis?

Back 48

the cytoplasm divides and distributes the organells evenly into the two daughter cells.

Front 49

cytokinesis occers __________ with telephase.

Back 49

simultaneously

Front 50

each daugter cell ends with ______ amount of chromasomes as the parent cell

Back 50

the same

Front 51

cytokinesis occers diffrently in each type of cell what happen to Animal cells?

Back 51

Cell membran squeezes together in the middle and pinches together`

Front 52

cytokinesis occers diffrently in each type of cell what happen to Plant cells?

Back 52

cell plate gradually developes into cell membrane then the cell wall between the cell

Front 53

cytokinesis occers diffrently in each type of cell what in budding?

Back 53

yeast daugter cells "bud" off of the parent cell and grow into full-sized cells

Front 54

What is the length of the cell cycle?

Back 54

it depends on the type of cell

Front 55

What is caused when the cell cycle goes wrong?

Back 55

cancer

Front 56

What are Homologouse chromosomes?

Back 56

two chromasomes with the exact same genes, but different variations of the genes ( eg. one has blue eyes brown hair, the other has green eyes red hair)

Front 57

What are sister chromatids?

Back 57

Sister chromatids are two identical copies of a single chromosome that are connected by a centromere. (same as a chromosome)

Front 58

What is crossing over?

Back 58

Asection from each homologouse chromosomes exchange with the corresponding section (ei. red hair and brown hair change places)

Front 59

when can crossing over occer?

Back 59

Prophase 1

Front 60

meiosis occers in ______
the cell cycle occers in _______

Back 60

gametes
any cells

Front 61

what are gametes

Back 61

sex cells (egg or sperm cells)

Front 62

What is a Haploid?

Back 62

a cell that has a single set of each cromosomes

Front 63

What is diploid?

Back 63

A cell that has 2 identical sets of each chromosomes

Front 64

Meiosis turns a _______ cell into a ______

Back 64

diploid, haploid

Front 65

What are the (highest) catagories of meiosis?

Back 65

meiosis 1 and 2

Front 66

meiosis 1, interphase
what haapens?

Back 66

DNA replication, cell grows, centricles move toward poles

Front 67

Meiosis 1
What happens during Prophase 1?

Back 67

Nuclear membrane dissolves, Chromosomes form and pair with eachother to form homologous chromosomes

Front 68

meiosis 1
what happens during Metephase 1?

Back 68

Homologous chromosomes pair along the imaginary equator, spindle fibers attach to them and the centricles ("t" things)

Front 69

Meiosis 1
what happens during Anaphase 1?

Back 69

Homologouse chromosomes split and each move to opposite sides of the cell still attached to spindle fibers

Front 70

Meiosis 1
What happens during telophase 1 and cytopkinesis?

Back 70

Spindle fibers go away, homologeouse chromosomes split, cell devides into 2 daugter cells

Front 71

Meiosis 2
What happens during interphase 2?

Back 71

NO INTERPHASE 2

Front 72

Meiosis 2
What happens during Prophase 2?

Back 72

Chromosomes prepare to devide again, spindle fibers begin to grow from the centricles

Front 73

Meiosis 2
What happens during Metephase 2?

Back 73

Chromosomes line up on imaginary equator, the spindle fibers no go from the centricles to the centromeres

Front 74

Meiosis 2
What happens during What happens during Anaphase 2?

Back 74

sister chromatids/ chromosomes begin seperating still attached to the spindle fibers, now the V shape is attached to the spindle fibers

Front 75

Meiosis 2
What happens during Telophase 2 and cytokinesis 2?

Back 75

Ends with each cell being haploid (n)
Four daugter cells

Front 76

How many steps to transcription?

Back 76

3

Front 77

TRANSCRIPTION
1. the _______________ acts as a template for the ____
2. _________, and enzyme, moves down the track to form a ______ of ________.
3. Forms ________

Back 77

coding strand of the DNA, RNA
RNA polymererase, chain, RNA
Codon

Front 78

How many steps to translation?

Back 78

3

Front 79

What are the steps of translation?

Back 79

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

Front 80

What happens during Initiation?

Back 80

The mRNA forms a comple with a ribosome

Front 81

What happens during Elongation?

Back 81

The ribosome "reads" the codons to build a chain of amino acids

Front 82

Which two types of RNA are used in elongation?

Back 82

rRNA and tRNA

Front 83

What does the ribosome consist of?

Back 83

Small molecule of rRNA combind with two larger molecules of rRNA

Front 84

What does the rRNA do during Elongation?

Back 84

-Binds to mRNA
-ensures genetic message is properly read
-Forms bond to "give" amino acids

Front 85

What does the tRNA do during Elongation?

Back 85

-goes to the cytoplasm to find corrisponding amino acids and bring it back to form a chain, as the ribosome reads the codon

Front 86

What pairs with the codon of the amino acid?

Back 86

The anti- codon

Front 87

What is Termination?

Back 87

the protein is released and goes to its destination