Cell Notes

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The differences and similarities between plant and animal cells

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Animal cell

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The animal cell has many parts that make up what it is known to be, these parts include the cell membrane, centrosome, cytoplasm, Golgi body, lysosome, mitochondrion, nuclear membrane, nucleolus, nucleus, ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a vacuole.

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Plant cell

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Plant cells have many key aspects that differ from those of other eukaryotic cells. These features include a large central vacuole, a cell wall, specialized cell- to- cell communication, plastids, cell division and the sperm of bryophytes and pteridophytes.

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Similarities between the Plant and Animal cells Similarities:- Cytoplasm- Endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth and Rough)- Ribosomes- Mitochondria- Golgi Apparatus - Microtubules/Microfilaments- Flagella- Nucleus

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Differences:- Cell wall- Shape- Vacuole- Centrioles- Chloroplast - Plastids- Plasma membrane- Lysosomes- Cilia

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Nucleus

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The nucleus is a membrane closed organelle that contains most of the cells genetic material. The nucleus was the first organelle to be discovered in the red blood cell of a salmon. The average diameter is about 6 micrometers, which takes up roughly 10% of the total cell volume. It is dense and roughly spherical. The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription and to control gene expression. The location is roughly in the centre of the cell. The nucleus resides in both the animal and plant cells.

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Nuclear Membrane

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The Nuclear Membrane is a double lipid bilayer that covers the genetic material and nucleolus. It is a layer of shielding around the nucleolus and has many holes all over it to allow that allow materials to move in and out of the nucleus. The location is around the nucleus and the nucleolus. This exists in both plant and animal cells.

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Nucleoplasm

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Nucleoplasm is enclosed inside the Nuclear Membrane. It is a liquid that stores chromosomes. It does not have a structure considering that it is a liquid. Its location is inside the Nuclear Membrane. This is found within both animal and plant cells.

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Chromosomes/Chromatin

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Chromosomes are small, packaged and organized structures that contain mostly DNA of the organism it is living within. They are usually not found on their own but paired or grouped with structural proteins called histones. Their structures look like capital K's or I's. They are located inside the Nucleoplasm. They are supposed to make up our genetic structure and our cells. They are found within animals and plants.

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The nucleolus resides within the Nucleus. It creates and repairs Ribosomes. There are three major components which make up the nucleolus: the fibrillar centre, the dense fibrillar component and the granular component. It looks like a small sphere within the nucleus.Resides in all cells, both plant and animal.

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Cytoplasm

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Cytoplasm is a thick liquid that fills the cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane. It is mostly composed of water, salts and proteins. It is a liquid so it does not have a constant shape. Cytoplasm keeps things moving around within the cell membrane. It is located everywhere within the cell membrane. This resides in all cells, both plant and animal.

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Vacuoles

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Vacuoles are storage bubbles found within cells (both plant and animal). It has no basic structure. It is shaped to the needs of the cell. Vacuoles are found within the cytoplasm in the middle of the cell beside the nucleus. These are found within all animal and plant cells.

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Cell Membrane

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The cell membrane is the biological membrane that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. Its location is all around the cell. Its structure is whatever the cell might look like. This is found on all plant and animal cells.

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Cell wall

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The cell wall is a tough, flexible and sometimes rigid wall that surrounds only some types of cells. Its main job is to provide structural support to the cell. It is also extra protection and acts as a filtering mechanism. It is located all around the entire cell. Its structure is whatever the cell looks like. The cell walls are usually only found on plant cells.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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The Endoplasmic Reticulum creates a interconnected network of sacs or tubes. These are used to produce protective mechanisms like white blood cells. They look like small bundles of coral or seaweed within the cell. They are also used to transport proteins among the cell. These are located right next to the nucleus. They are found among both plant and animal cells.

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Ribosomes

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Ribosomes are the protein builders of the cell. They are found in all cells. They are chains of amino-acids that make up proteins. They are made up of dozens of distinct proteins which can vary between species. Ribosomes flow freely amongst the cell transfering proteins.

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Mitochondria

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The Mitochondria is a small, oval shaped organelle that transfers and produces cellular energy throughout the cell it lives within. It sits around the front of the cell. The Mitochondria is found in mostly every cell in both plant and animals.

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Golgi apparatus

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The Golgi apparatus transfers packaged proteins into membrane bound vesicles within the cell before the vesicles are sent off to where they are supposed to go within the cell. A single Golgi apparatus is usually located near the cells nucleus. The Golgi apparatus looks like fused, flattened membrane enclosed disks.

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Lysosome

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The lysosome is an organelle found mostly in animal cells (except for red blood cells). Their function is to break down biomolecules like proteins carbohydrates and lipids. The lyosome sits beside the nucleus and looks like a small, bowl or bean type shape.

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Chloroplast

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Chloroplast is something found in only plant cells. it main job is to conduct photosynthesis. It collects the energy from the sunlight and stores it in energy- storage molecules. The chloroplast looks like a huge ring amongst the cell. Only the green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts.

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Centriole

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A Centriole is a small set of 9 groups of microtubles that are specifically arranged. They are found in pairs and move in opposite directions of the nucleus when it is time for cell division. These are usually only present in animal cells. They are important in the jobs of cellular division and cellular organization. The centrioles are located near the nucleus.

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Cell membrane in extracellular transportation

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When the cell membrane is transporting cells, it is always moving and changing. Vesicles can attach to the cell membrane from the inside and open to form a pocket. The cell membrane can also envelope something on the outside of it, absorbing it into the cell.

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Passive Transportation

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Passive transportation is the movement of biochemicals and other atomic and molecular across cell membranes

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Active Transportation

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The movement of a substance across a cell membrane

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Hydrophobic layer

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A layer of the cell membrane that does not interact with water, hence the name Hydrophobic

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Hydrofillic layer

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A layer of the cell membrance that DOES interact with water, hence the name Hydrofillic

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Permeable membrane

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The permeable membrane is a certain type of membrane that will only allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it through diffusion.

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Semi-Permeable Membrane

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An example of a Semi-permeable membrane is the lipid bilayer which is a thin polar membrane made up of two layers of lipid molecules. It keeps ions, proteins and other molecules where they are needed.

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Protein Channels

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The protein channel is a protein that allows the transportation of specific substances across the cell membrane.

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Endocytosis

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Endocytosis is a energy-using process in which cells absorb molecules by swallowing or engulfing them.

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Facilitated diffusion

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Facilitated diffusion is the act of spontaneous passive transportation of molecules or ions across a biological membrane.

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Isotonic

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The salt concentration of the cell was the same so water can move in and out freely

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Hypotonic

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There is little salt within the cell and the wter conecentration is causing the cell to explode

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Hypertonic

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There is too much salt within the cell and not enough water so the cell looks dried up and withered

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Osmosis

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Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules through the semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solubility.

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Osmotic pressure

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Osmotic pressure is the minimum that needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across the semi-permeable membrane.

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Diffusion

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Diffusion is the process of molecules intermingling due to their kinetic energy and random motion.

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Concentration Gradient

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Cocentration Gradient is the measurement of how the concentration of something changes when it moves from one place to another.

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Exocytosis

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Exocytosis is the process of which a intercellular vesicle moves to the plasma membrane and multiple fusions of the vesicular membrane and the plasma membrane occur.