Cell Project Flash Cards

Front 1

Nucleus

Back 1

A nucleus directs the growth, metabolism, reproduction, and functioning in the transmission of the cell. Known as the 'control center'. Found in both plant and animal cells.

Front 2

Nuclear membrane/Envelope

Back 2

The nuclear membrane surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic cell - any cell that has a nucleus

Front 3

nucleoplasm

Back 3

Nucleoplasm is a highly viscous liquid that includes the chromosomes and nucleoli in the cell. found in both

Front 4

Chromosome/

Chromatin

Back 4

Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of both animal and plant cells made of protein. Passed from parents to offspring, DNA contains the specific instructions that make each type of living creature unique. Located in plant and animal cells.

Front 5

Nucleolus

Back 5

The nucleolus is the largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells where it primarily serves as the site of ribosome synthesis and assembly. Since it is found in the nucleus, both cells have this.

Front 6

Cytoplasm

Back 6

Cytoplasm is a thick solution that fills each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane. It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins. In both plant and animal cells.

Front 7

Vacuoles

Back 7

Vacuoles are storage bubbles found in cells. They are found in both animal and plant cells but are much larger in plant cells. Vacuoles might store food or any variety of nutrients a cell might need to survive. They can even store waste products so the rest of the cell is protected from contamination.

Front 8

Cell Plasma / Membrane

Back 8

Cell membrane separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. found in only animal cells.

Front 9

Cell Wall

Back 9

The cell wall is a very tough, flexible and sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds only plant cells. It surrounds the cell membrane and provides these cells with structural support and protection.

Front 10

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 10

rough: involved in some protein production, protein folding, quality control and despatch. It is called ‘rough’ because it is studded with ribosomes

smooth: associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones. It is ‘smooth’ because it is not studded with ribosomes and is associated with smooth slippery fats.

Front 11

Ribosomes

Back 11

Ribosomes are protein builders of the cell. They are like construction guys who connect one amino acid at a time and build long chains. Ribosomes are found in eukaryotes cells.

Front 12

Mitochondria

Back 12

The mitochondria is a membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. It acts like a digestive system which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell. Both plant and animal cells.

Front 13

Golgi Apparatus / Body

Back 13

The golgi apparatus is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. proteins received from the endoplasmic reticulum and are further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion.

Front 14

Lysosome

Back 14

Lysosomes are organelles found in the cytoplasm of a plant or animal cell. Lysosomes work like the digestive system to break down, or digest, proteins, acids,carbohydrates, dead organelles, and other unwanted materials.

Front 15

Chloroplast

Back 15

Chloroplasts are small organelles inside the cells of plants and algae. They absorb light to make sugar in a process called photosynthesis. The sugar can be stored in the form of starch. Chloroplasts contain the molecule chlorophyll, which absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis.

Front 16

Centriole

Back 16

Centrioles are a cytoplasmic structure in most plant and animal cells. It is involved in cell division and in the formation of cilia and flagella. Centrioles help in the formation of the spindle fibers that separate the chromosomes during cell division.

Front 17

Passive Transportation

Back 17

Passive transportation is a movement of molecular substances across cell membranes. Unlike active transport, it does not require an input of chemical energy, being driven by the growth of entropy of the system.

Front 18

Active Transportation

Back 18

Active transportation is what happens when a cell uses energy to transport something. The liquids inside and outside of cells have different substances. Sometimes a cell has to work and use some energy to maintain a proper balance of ions and molecules.

Front 19

Hydrophobic Layer

Back 19

The hydrophobic layer on top of a surface is meant to repel water and other liquids. Because of the low surface energy created by the coating, water beads into droplets and can therefor easily roll away from the surface.

Front 20

Hydrophillic Layer

Back 20

Hydrophilic refers to having a strong affinity for water. Something that is hydrophilic is soluble in water and dissolves into water very easily. This is the opposite of Hydrophobic layer

Front 21

Semi-permeable Membrane

Back 21

Semi-permeable membrane is a type of biological membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion and occasionally specialized "facilitated diffusion".

Front 22

Permeable Membrane

Back 22

Permeable membrane is same as a semi-permeable membrane, but instead of allowing only some molecules, it lets in all or most. Usually to flow in and out of the cell.

Front 23

protein channel

Back 23

A protein channel allows the transport of specific substances across a cell membrane.

Front 24

Endocytosis

Back 24

Endocytosis is an energy-using process by which cells absorb molecules (such as proteins) by engulfing them. It is used by all cells of the body because most substances important to them are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic plasma or cell membrane. The opposite process is exocytosis.

Front 25

Facilitated Solution

Back 25

Facilitated solution is the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a membrane from a specific transmembrane integral proteins.

Front 26

Isotonic

Back 26

Isotonic means having the same (or equal) osmotic pressure and same water potential since the two solutions have an equal concentration of water molecules.

Front 27

Hypotonic

Back 27

Hypotonic means that there is a lesser osmotic pressure in a fluid compared to another fluid.

Front 28

Hypertonic

Back 28

Hypertonic means that there is a higher osmotic pressure in a fluid relative to another fluid.

Front 29

Osmosis

Back 29

Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.

Front 30

Osmotic Pressure

Back 30

Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane. It is also defined as the measure of the tendency of a solution to take in water by osmosis

Front 31

Diffusion

Back 31

Diffusion refers to the process by which molecules intermingle as a result of their kinetic energy of random motion. Consider two containers of gas A and B separated by a partition. The molecules of both gases are in constant motion and make numerous collisions with the partition.

Front 32

Concentration Gradient

Back 32

The concentration gradient is a measurement of how much concentration of something changes from one place to another.

Front 33

Exocytosis

Back 33

Exocytosis is the process in which a vesicle moves to the plasma membrane and subsequent fusion to release the molecules into the fluid. The molecules are exiting the cell.

Front 34

Sources

Back 34

-http://p2ilabs.blogspot.ca/2013/07/hydrophobic-coatings-spray-or-plasma.html

- http://study.com/academy/lesson/channel-protein-definition-function-quiz.html

- http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary

- hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/diffus.html

- www.mit.edu/~kardar/teaching/projects/.../gradients.htm

Biology4Kids.com: Cell Structure: Mitochondria

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9838/

http://www.diffen.com/difference/Animal_Cell_vs_Plant_Cell

Front 35

Similarities & differences of plant and animal cells

Back 35

Animal cells do not have a cell wall or chloroplasts but plant cells do. Animal cells are round and irregular in shape while plant cells have fixed, rectangular shapes. Plant and animal cells are both eukaryotic cells, so they have a cell membrane, and cell organelles, like the nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.