Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Our body contains ____ to _____ trillion cells. |
50-100 |
|
|
|
Main parts of the cell: |
Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus structur |
|
|
|
Structure of the plasma membrane: |
Phospholipid layer/ double layer of lipids; hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tail |
|
|
|
What type of molecule can pass through the plasma membrane and what can't. |
Cholesterol is a go, protein is a no |
|
|
|
Three types of membrane proteins: |
Integral proteins, peripheral proteins, and glycocalyx |
|
|
|
What are features/functions of the membrane proteins: |
Integral: most common in the membrane and can act as a receptor for hormones Peripheral: separate the membrane from the cytoplasm and are important for internal environment lining Glycocalyx: small sugar chains that are attached to the external surface of glycoproteins and glycolipids; are cell-coated proteins; function- cell to cell binding and recognition |
|
|
|
What are the functions of a plasma membrane? |
- protect the cell from external trauma - have proteins that give cell to cell recognition and act as receptors - acts as a transport for substance in and out of the cell |
|
|
|
Why do hormones need a receptor? |
Because they can't show their physiological reaction with a target cell without a specific receptor |
|
|
|
Active process vs. passive process |
Active process: goes against the concentration gradient and requires ATP and uses a pump or carrier; example - sodium potassium pump Passive process: involves going down the concentration gradient, ATP not needed; example- diffusion |
|
|
|
Type of molecules that go through active transport: |
Glucose, amino acid, ions |
|
|
|
What is vesicular/ bulk transport and two types of it? |
Transporting large macromolecules across the membrane Endocytosis and exocytosis |
|
|
|
Exocytosis and an example |
Membrane lined vesicles fuses with the plasma membrane and releases substance into the blood Hormones are released this way |
|
|
|
What is endocytosis and three types of it: |
When large molecules are taken in the cell by the infolding of the plasma membrane which then forms cytoplasmic vesicles. |
|
|
|
Which protein assists in deforming/infolding of the plasma membrane: |
Clathrin |
|
|
|
Features of: Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Receptor-Mediated |
Pinocytosis: "cell drinking," small infolding of the plasma membrane take in extracellular fluid with dissolving molecules Phagocytosis: "cell eating," parts of the plasma membrane form pseudopodes which take in molecules/bacteria forming phagosomes which fuse with lysosomes containing enzymes to break down the content Receptor-mediated: specific molecules can come in the cell by attaching to a receptor on the plasma membrane |
|
|
|
An example of receptor-mediated endocytosis: |
LDL protein uptakes cholesterol from blood and binds to a receptor on a cell which then forms a vesicle and content is released when lysozyme breaks it down |
|
|
|
What is contained in cytoplasm? |
Cytosol/ cytoplasmic matrix which contains ions and enzymes; inclusions which have stored nutrients, organelles, pigments |
|
|
|
Free ribosomes produce protein found in the ________. |
Cytosol |
|
|
|
Structure of the rER: |
Cisternae, membrane walled envelope |
|
|
|
What is contained in cytoplasm? |
Cytosol/ cytoplasmic matrix which contains ions and enzymes; inclusions which have stored nutrients, organelles, pigments |
|
|
|
What is the site of protein production? |
Ribosomes |
|
|
|
Free ribosomes produce protein found in the ________. |
Cytosol |
|
|
|
Ribosomes of the rER are used for: |
The plasma membrane and sent outside of the cell |
|
|
|
Smooth ER responsibilities: |
Drug detoxification, lipid metabolism, steroid and lipid synthesis |
|
|
|
A precursor to steroids is: |
Cholesterol |
|
|
|
Process of making amino acids to protein: |
Translation, mRNA |
|
|
|
Examples of steroids: |
Sex hormones: androgen, progesterone, estrogen, testosterone Cortisol, alesterol, vitamin D |
|
|
|
Function of Golgi apparatus: |
-Last stage for protein production -sends content of rER to appropriate destination - secretory granules and lysosomes arise from here
Structure: stacked discs covered by a membrane |
|
|
|
Main function of the mitochondria: |
Produce ATP |
|
|
|
Lysozyme: |
Membrane sacs that contain an enzyme that break down food brought into the celll |
|
|
|
The enzyme inside the lysozyme is: |
Acid hydrolase |
|
|
|
Function of peroxisome and enzymes involved and types of substance it breaks down: |
Membrane sac that contains oxidase and catalase. Oxidase uses oxygen to neutralize aggressive free radicals into hydrogen peroxide, then catalase converts that into water and oxygen; alcohol, phenol, formaldehyde |
|
|
|
Many peroxisomes are found in which two organs? |
Liver and kidney |
|
|
|
Cytoskeleton is known as and three types are: |
Cell skeleton which gives cell structure and assists in cell movement: "network of rods"
Microfilaments, intermediate filament, microtubules |
|
|
|
What gives microtubules it's structure and what is its function? |
Tubulin proteins; gives cell structure and organizes the distribution of organelles in the cytoplasm |
|
|
|
Microfilaments: |
Actin protein reacts with myosin to create contractile forces within the cell |
|
|
|
Other functions microfilaments are involved in are: |
Muscle contraction Ameboid movement Extension of psuedopods |
|
|
|
Function of intermediate filaments: |
Has tough, insoluble protein fibers that protect the cell from external trauma |
|
|
|
Centrosome: two parts and their functions |
Matrix (cloud of protein): involved in elongating microtubules and mitotic spindles Centrioles: creating spindles and asters during mitosis |
|
|
|
Centrioles also form the bases of: |
Cilia and flagella |
|
|
|
DNA is clustered with what protein to make what: |
Histone, nucleosome |
|
|
|
Nucleolus contains: |
Parts of the chromosome and the cells ribosome producing machine |
|
|
|
Chromatin consists of: |
DNA |
|
|
|
Chromosome consists of and what gives it the thick rod structure? |
Long molecule of DNA; coiled chromatin during cell division gives it the structure |
|
|
|
Cell cycle is broken into interphase and mitotic cycle. What are the steps of interphase: |
G1: centrioles replicate and the cell starts to grow S: DNA is replicated for two daughter cells G2: enzyme needed for cell division are synthesized |
|
|
|
Steps of the mitotic cycle: |
PMAT Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
|
|
|
What occurs in prophase: |
Asters form Chromosome becomes chromatid with centromere Microtubules disassemble and mitotic spindles form Nucleoli disappears |
|
|
|
In metaphase: |
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and are separated |
|
|
|
In metaphase: |
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and are separated |
|
|
|
Which enzyme separates chromosomes in metaphase? |
Seperase |
|
|
|
What occurs in anaphase? |
Chromatids are seperated (V shaped) and polar spindles push against so as to elongate the cell |
|
|
|
In telophase: |
Nucleoli reappears, nuclear envelope forms |
|
|
|
What occurs in anaphase? |
Chromatids are seperated (V shaped) and polar spindles push against so as to elongate the cell |
|
|
|
Separation of two daughter cells occurs in: |
Cytokinesis |
|
|
|
Gamete cells require what type cell cycle: |
Meiosis |
|
|
|
Gamete cells require what type cell cycle: |
Meiosis |
|
|
|
Steps of meiosis: |
Meiosis I: -synapsis -crossing over -alignment -disjunction -cell division
Meiosis II: -alignment -disjunction -cell division |
|
|
|
What are two possible causes to aging? |
-Genetic (senescence) -cell damage ( destruction of mitochondria)/ cell injury |
|
|
|
What are two possible causes to aging? |
-Genetic (senescence) -cell damage ( destruction of mitochondria)/ cell injury |
|
|
|
what can cause cell injury and how does it lead to aging? |
Chemical pollutants/ radiation create the production of free radicals which accelerate the destruction of cells and increase aging |
|
|
|
What can prevent the production of free radicals and give two types: |
Anti-oxidants Vitamin C and E |
|
|
|
Apoptosis: |
Programmed cell death |
|
|
|
Cell changes that occur when going through apoptosis: |
-cell shrinks -nucleus and plasma membrane break down -fragmented membrane -chromatin condenses |
Four things |
|
|
A cytokine is: |
A small protein used for cell signaling |
|
|
|
Cell changes that occur when going through apoptosis: |
-cell shrinks -nucleus and plasma membrane break down -fragmented membrane -chromatin condenses |
Four things |
|
|
A cytokine is: |
A small protein used for cell signaling |
|
|
|
An example of a cytokine and how it leads to cell death |
TNF (Cytokine) activates caspases which degrades proteins of the nucleus and cytoplasm which induce morphological features of cell death |
|
|
|
An example of a cytokine and how it leads to cell death |
TNF (Cytokine) activates caspases which degrades proteins of the nucleus and cytoplasm which induce morphological features of cell death |
|
|
|
TNF stands for: |
Tumor necrosis factor |
|
|
|
During week 4 of pregnancy where is the embryo attached to? |
Yolk sac |
|
|
|
What are the two things yolk sacs produce and what happens? |
- gamete cells which then go to the primitive testicle/ovary -production of stem cells in blood which provide nutrients in the first trimester from the yolk sac |
|
|
|
Why does the yolk sac provide nutrients in the first trimester? |
Because there's no placenta |
|
