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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
T/F
Dorsal body cavity consists of the Cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral column (backbone)/vertebral (spinal) canal. |
True
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What are the meninges?
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Three layers of protective tissue that line the dorsal body cavity
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What separates the thoracic cavity from the adbominopelvic cavity?
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The diaphragm (dome-shaped muscle)
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What are the organs inside the ventral body cavity called?
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Viscera
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What makes up the ventral (anterior) body cavity?
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Superior thoracic and inferior abdominopelvic cavities
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The thoracic cavity is the superior or anterior part of the ventral body cavity?
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Superior
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What is the mediastinum?
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Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; from sternum to vertebral column and from neck to diaphragm
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What is located in the mediastinum?
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Heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large bld vessels
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What is the main difference between negative and positive feedback systems?
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Negative feedback reverses the original stimulus
Positive feedback enhances/reinforces/ intensifies the original stimulus |
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Whar are the 3 basic components of a feedback system?
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Receptors
Control Center Effectors |
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T/F
Negative feedback reverses a change in a controlled condition |
True
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T/F
Usually, positive feedback systems reinforce conditions that do not happen very often, whereas negative feedback systems regulate conditions in the body that remain fairly stable over long periods. |
True
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Define lateral
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Farther from the midline
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T/F
In the Anatomical position the subject stands erect facing the observer, head level, eyes facing directly forward, feet flat and directed forward, arms at sides w/palms turned forward |
True
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T/F
Prone means lying face down |
True
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T/F
Supine means lying face up |
True
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Name the major regions of the external body
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Head (skull/face)
Neck (supports head/attaches to trunk) Trunk (chest, abs, pelvis) Upper limbs (shoulder, armpit, arm forearm, wrist, hand) Lower limbs (buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, foot) |
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What is a sagittal plane?
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Vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides
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Sagittal
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Verticle, Right/left side
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What is a midsagittal plane or medial plane?
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Vertical, EQUAL right and left sides
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Parasagittal Plane is?
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Vertical, UNEQUAL right/left sides
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What is a frontal or coronal plane?
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Front (anterior) to back (posterior)
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What is a transverse plane?
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Divides into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
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T/F
Other names for a transverse plane are cross-sectional or horizontal planes |
True
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What is an oblique plane?
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Passes through the body or an organ at an angle between the transverse plane, sagittal or frontal plane
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T/F
A section is one flat surface of a three-dimensional structure |
True
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Define superior
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Toward the head, or upper part of structure
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Define inferior
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Away from the head, or lower part of structure
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Define anterior
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Nearer to or at the front of the body
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Define posterior
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Nearer to or at the back of the body
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Define medial
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Nearer to the midline
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Define intermediate
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Between 2 structures
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Define Ipsilateral
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On the same side of the body as another structure
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Define Contralateral
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On the opposite side of the body from another structure
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Define proximal
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Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk;nearer to the origination of a structure
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Define Distal
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Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure
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Define superficial
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Toward or on the surface of the body
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Define Deep
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Away from the surface of the body
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What are the 2 major body cavities?
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Dorsal and Ventral
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T/F
Dorsal cavity has two subdivisions, the cranial cavity and vertebral canal |
True
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What is blood plasma?
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ECF w/in blood vessels is termed blood plasma
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What is lymph?
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ECF w/in lymphatic vessels
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What is cerebrospinal fluid?
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ECF w/in the brain and spinal cord
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What is synovial fluid?
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ECF w/in joints
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What is aqueous humor and vitreous body?
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ECF in the eyes
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T/F
Interstitial fluid surrounds all body cells and is called the body's internal environment |
TRUE
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What is extracellular fluid (ECF)?
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Fluid outside the cell
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What is "differentiation"?
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Cell process of changing from unspecialized to specialized cell.
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What is "Reproduction"?
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Formationof new cells for tissue growth, repair, replacement or reproducing new "individual"
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What are stem cells?
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"Ancestor" cells that can undergo differentiation to become another type of cell
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Define Homeostasis
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Condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment due to regulatory processes
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What is intracellular fluid (ICF)?
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Fluid w/in cells
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T/F
Dissolved in the water of ICF and ECF are oxygen, nutrients proteins, and a variety of ions |
TRUE
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The Musclar System consists of what?
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Skeletal muscles
Tendons |
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The Skeletal system consists of what?
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Bone
Cartilage Joints |
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What is interstitial fluid?
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Extracellular fluid (ECF) that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues
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What is Anabolism?
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Building up complex chemical substances from smaller,simpler ones
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The Nervous System consists of what?
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Brain
Spinal cord Nerves |
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Name the 11 organ systems of the body
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Integumentary
Muscular Skeletal Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic & Immune Respiratory |
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The Integumentary System consists of what?
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Hair
Skin, sweat & oil glands Fingernails |
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Define Gross anatomy
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Structures that can be seen w/out microscope
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What is palpation?
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Feeling body surfaces w/hands
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What is auscultation?
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Listening to body sounds w/stethoscope or other instrument
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What is percussion?
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Tapping on the body surface to listen to the echo
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List the 6 most important life processes of the human body.
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Metabolism (Catabolism, Anabolism)
Responsiveness Movement Growth Differentiation Reproduction |
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What is metabolism?
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Sum of all chemical processes in the body
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What is Catabolism?
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Breaking down complex chemical substances into smaller ones
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What does "responsiveness" mean?
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Body detects & responds to changes in internal/external environment
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What is "movement"?
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Movement includes motion of the whole body, indiviudal organs, single cells, and tiny structures inside cells
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What is "growth"?
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An increase in body size resulting from an increase in size of existing cells, no. of cells, material between cells
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The Reproductive System does what?
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Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes)
Gonads release hormones that regulate reproduction Mammary glands provide nurishment for babies Ovaries produce eggs for reproduction Uterine/Fallopian tubes assist repro Vagina is a birth canal (among other uses) |
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The Reproductive System is composed of what?
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Gonads (testes/ovaries
Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Epididymis Ductus Deferens Penis |
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Define Exercise Physiology
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Study of changes in cell and organ functions from exercising
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Define Pathophysiology
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Study of functional changes from disease and aging
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Name the structural organization of the human body (lowest to highest)
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Chemical
Cellular Tissue Organ System Organismal |
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T/F
Chemicals form cells, cells form tissues, tissues form organs, organs form systems and systems make up an organism |
TRUE
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The Endocrine System consists of what?
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Hormone producing glands & hormone producing cells.
Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Ovary Testis |
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The Lymphatic & Immune System consists of what?
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Lymphatic fluid and vessels
Spleen Thymus Lymph nodes Tonsils |
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The Cardiovascular system consists of what?
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Blood and blood vessels
Heart |
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The Respiratory System consists of what?
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Larynx (voice box)
Trachea (windpipe) Pharyns Bronchus Lung |
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The Integumentary System does what?
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Protects the body
Regulates body temp Eliminates wastes Makes Vit D Detects sensations (touch, pain, warmth, cold) |
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The Muscular System does what?
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Produces body movements
Stabilizes body position (posture) Generates heat |
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The Skeletal system does what?
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Supports and protects the body
Aids body movements Houses cells that produce blood cells Stores minerals and lipids (fats) |
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The Nervous System does what?
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Generates nerve impulses that regulate body functions
Detects changes in internal/external environment Interprets changes Responds to change (muscular contractions/glandular secretions |
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The Endocrine System does what?
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Releases hormones to regulates body activities
Hormones are chemical messengers |
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The Lymphatic system does what?
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Returns proteins and fluid to blood
Carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood Houses structures where lymphocytes mature and proliferate |
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The Cardiovascular System does what?
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Heart pumps blood through vessels
Bld carries oxygen/nutrients to cells Bld carries carbon dioxide/wastes away from cells Blood regulates PH, temp, & water content of body fluids Bld helps defend against disease& mend damaged bld vessels |
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The Respiratory System does what?
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Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to bld
and carbon dioside from bld to sxhaled air Regulates PH of body fluids Air flowing over vocal cords produces sound |
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The Digestive System consists of what?
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Mouth
Salivary glands Esophagus Liver Gallbladder Large intestine Small intestine Anus Stomach Pancreas |
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The Digestive system does what?
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Breaks down food
Absorbs nutrients Eliminates solid wastes |
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The Urinary System does what?
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Produces, stores, eliminates urine
Eliminates wastes Regulates volume and chemical composition of bld Maintains PH of body fluids Maintains mineral balance Regulates production of red bld cells |
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The Urinary system is composed of what?
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Kidney
Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra |
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Define anatomy
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Science of body structures & the relationships among structures
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Define Physiology
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Science of body functions
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Define Embryology
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Study of structures that emerge from ferterilized egg through 8th week in utero
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Define Developmental biology
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Study of structures that emerge from fertilized egg to adult form
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Define Histology
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Study of microscopic structures of tissues
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Define Surface anatomy
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Study of anatomical landmarks on body surface..through sight and feel (palpation)
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Systemic anatomy
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Study of body "systems" - nervous, respiratory, etc
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Define Regional anatomy
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Study of body regions, i.e. head, chest
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Define radiographic anatomy
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Study of body structures seen w/x-rays
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Define pathological anatomy
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Study of structural changes associated w/disease
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Define Neurophysiology
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Study of functional properties of nerve cells
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Define endocrinology
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Study of hormones & how they control body functions
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Define Cardiovascular physiology
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Study of functions of the heart & blood vessels
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Define Immunology
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Study of how the body defends itself against disease-causing agents
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Define Respiratory physiology
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Study of functions of the air passageways & lungs
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Define Renal physiology
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Study of function of kidneys
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