Cell Growth And Reproduction (Chapter 2)

Front 1

nuclear membrane

Back 1

surrounds the nucleus and allows certain materials to pass into and out of the nucleus

Front 2

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Back 2

a long molecule that provides instructions for making, running and repairing a cell

*made of sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base molecules*

Front 3

nucleolus

Back 3

an organelle in the nucleus of a cell that produces and assembles ribosomes

Front 4

centrioles

Back 4

organelles made of special microtubules

*they are active during cell division in most animal cells*

Front 5

nucleotide

Back 5

molecule made up of a sugar molecule, a phosphate molecule, and a nitrogenous base

Front 6

nitrogenous bases

Back 6

there are four different bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine (G)

*pairs of these molecules form each rung of the DNA ladder*

Front 7

amino acids

Back 7

small molecules that make up proteins

*there are 20 different amino acids*

Front 8

gene

Back 8

a short section of DNA on a chromosome that contains the instructions to make a specific protein

Front 9

genome

Back 9

all of an organism's genes

*its entire DNA*

Front 10

traits

Back 10

one version of a characteristic

Front 11

cell cycle

Back 11

the sequence of events in the cell from one cell division to another

*includes interphase and cell division*

Front 12

interphase

Back 12

phase of the cell cycle in which cells grow and work

Front 13

sister chromatids

Back 13

a chromosome and its copy

*chromosomes make copies of themselves during interphase*

Front 14

parent cell

Back 14

a cell before it divides

Front 15

daughter cells

Back 15

one of two genetically identical cells produced when a parent cell divides

Front 16

mitosis

Back 16

the process that divides the nuclear material during cell division

Front 17

cytokinesis

Back 17

the process that divides the cytoplasm and the rest of the organelles in half during cell division

*usually begins before mitosis is finished*

Front 18

prophase

Back 18

the first stage of mitosis

Front 19

spindle

Back 19

moves the chromatids during the later phases of cell division

*made of spindle fibres*

Front 20

metaphase

Back 20

the second stage of mitosis

Front 21

anaphase

Back 21

the third stage of mitosis

Front 22

telophase

Back 22

the final stage of mitosis

Front 23

mutation

Back 23

a change in the DNA, or the genetic code of a cell

Front 24

cancer

Back 24

a disease in which cells divide very rapidly and uncontrollably

*caused of a mutation in the genes that control cell division*

Front 25

benign tumours

Back 25

a mass of cells that grows but stays in one place and usually does not interfere with the normal functioning of the surrounding tissue or organ

Front 26

metastasis

Back 26

the spread of cancer cells away from their original location

Front 27

carcinogen

Back 27

any substance that can cause cancer

Front 28

sexual reproduction

Back 28

two separate organisms (parents) contribute genetic information to produce offspring that are genetically different from both parents

Front 29

zygote

Back 29

the first cell of a new organism

(a fertilized egg cell)

Front 30

asexual reproduction

Back 30

one parent that produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

Front 31

clones

Back 31

an offspring of asexual reproduction

(genetically identical to the parent and to other offspring produced asexually by the parent

Front 32

binary fission

Back 32

a form of asexual reproduction used by single-celled organisms to produce two genetically identical daughter cells

Front 33

budding

Back 33

a type of asexual reproduction in which the offspring begins as a small growth (called a bud) on the parent

Front 34

vegetative reproduction

Back 34

asexual reproduction in plants

Front 35

fragmentation

Back 35

a type of asexual reproduction in which a small part of an animal breaks off and grows into a new organism

Front 36

spores

Back 36

cell with thick cell walls similar to seeds, but is produced by cell division and grows into organisms genetically identical to the parent organism

Front 37

malignant tumour

Back 37

mass of cells that invade the surrounding tissues and interferes with the normal functioning of the tissues and organs