Unit 3 And Unit 4/cell Cycle

Front 1

Macromolecules

Back 1

a large group of macromolecules that are made out of smaller subunits

Front 2

Monomer

Back 2

it means one part

Front 3

Polymer

Back 3

many parts

Front 4

Enzymes

Back 4

proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells; they are reuseabe; they do not change during a reaction; they are very picky; the active site has to have a perfect pH, perfect temperature, perfect substrate, perfect reaction or else the enzyme won't react

Front 5

Chemical Reactions

Back 5

processes that turn one substance into another substance

Front 6

Activation Energy

Back 6

the energy cost that must be paid before a chemical reaction can occur

Front 7

Reaction Rate

Back 7

the rate in which a reaction occurs

Front 8

Catalyst

Back 8

anything that cause a reaction to occur faster

Front 9

Substrate

Back 9

the reactant of a chemical reaction

Front 10

Active Site

Back 10

the location of an enzyme

Front 11

Benedict's Solution

Back 11

the test that indicates whether a simple carb is present in a solution

negative result- color of solution; blue

positive result- orange/brown/red

Front 12

Lugol's Solution

Back 12

test that indicates whether a complex carb is present

negative result- color of solution: brown/red

positive result- dark blue/ purple, black

Front 13

Biuret Solution

Back 13

test that indicates whether a protein is present

negative result- color of solution: blue

positive solution- pink/violet/purple

Front 14

Sudan lV

Back 14

test that indicates whether a lipid is present

negative result- color of solution: dark red

positive solution- reddish/orange

Front 15

Carbohydrates

Back 15

Monomer: Monosaccharide(simple sugars)-C6 H12 O6

Polymer: Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

Function: short term energy source

Ex. Simple Carbs- sugars: fructose, glucose, juice, honey

Complex Carbs- pasta, bread, cellulose, starch, fiber

Front 16

Lipid

Back 16

Monomer: fatty acids

Polymer: fatty acid chains

Function: long term energy, storage, cell membrane structure; it's stored in cell vacuoles

Ex. cooking oils, butter, grease, shorting

Front 17

Protein

Back 17

Monomer: amino acids

Polymer: amino acid chains

Function: structure, enzymes, communication, transportation, defense and movement

Ex. meat, dairy, beans

Front 18

Nucleic Acid

Back 18

Monomer: nucleotides(phosphate, sugars, nitrogenous base)

Polymer: polynucleotides

Function: genetic info; provides directions

Ex. DNA, and RNA

Front 19

Eukaryotic

Back 19

when a cell has a nucleus; cells develop later; larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells; have many different organelles; they divide through mitosis and can perform meiosis; plant and animals cells

Front 20

Prokaryotic

Back 20

when a cell doesn't have a nucleus; has floating DNA; cells develop earlier; smaller and less complex than eukarytic cells; don't have organelles; divide through binary fission; bacterial cells

Front 21

Nucleus

Back 21

controls the cell, has a double membrane, and contains chromosomes and RNA

Front 22

Cytoplasm

Back 22

gel-like substance that holds all the organelles, where glycolysis happens

Front 23

Cell Wall

Back 23

surrounds and protects plant cells

Front 24

Cell Membrane

Back 24

controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell; made of a lipid bilayer, carb chains, and portein channels

Front 25

Chloroplast

Back 25

chloroplast converts light energy to chemical energy during photosynthesis; it is only found in plant cells; they are surrounded by a double membrane

Front 26

Mitochondria

Back 26

where respiration in the cell occurs; uses chemical energy stored in glucose to produce usable energy for the cell when oxygen is present. The Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain occur in the mitochondria

Front 27

Lysosome

Back 27

contain the energy necessary for digesting materials engulfed by the cell; they break down various macromolecules

Front 28

Golgi Apparatus

Back 28

modifies proteins before they are either used by the cell or transported out of the cell

Front 29

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 29

transports proteins that have just been produced

Front 30

Ribosome

Back 30

make proteins by receiving genetic material from mRNA. tRNA translates sequence into amino acids.

Front 31

Vacuole

Back 31

the function of the vacuole is to store water, waste, and nutrients for the cell. Animal cells have many vacuoles , plant cells have one large valcuole

Front 32

Semi-Permeable Membrane

Back 32

when a cell membrane lets some particles to pass through and prevents others from passing

Front 33

Active Transport

Back 33

when substances need energy to move through the membrane

Front 34

Passive Transport

Back 34

When particles can move through the cell membrane without using extra energy; particles move from a high to low concentration

Front 35

Concentration Gradient

Back 35

the difference between the high and low concentration

Front 36

Diffusion

Back 36

the passive movement of materials

Front 37

Osmosis

Back 37

when water moves in and out of the cell

Front 38

Equilibrium

Back 38

to balance out the concentrations inside and outside of the cell

Front 39

Hypertonic

Back 39

when a solution around the cell has more solute than the cell; cells will lose water and will shrink

Front 40

Hypotonic

Back 40

when the solution around the cell has less solute than the cell; cells will absorb water and will rupture

Front 41

Isotonic

Back 41

when the solution around the cell has an equal amount of solute as the cell; cells will stay the same