Cell Cycle

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Interphase

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when the cell copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis.

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G1

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"is the first of four phases of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division.

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S-phase

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" To produce two similar daughter cells, the complete DNA instructions in the cell must be duplicated."

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g2

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" Final subphase of Interphase in the cell cycle directly preceding mitosis."

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g1

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" A period in the cell cycle in which cells exist in a quiescent state. "

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Cancer

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"A disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissue."

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Mitosis

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" A part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes. "

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Cell division

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" The process by which a parent celldivides into two or more daughter cells. "

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Parent Cell

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" A parent cellproduces two identical daughter cells. "

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Daughter Cells

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" The cells that result from the reproductive division of one cell during mitosis or meiosis. "

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Checkpoint

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" Ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a mitotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage."

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Prophase

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" The first prophase of meiosis includes the reduction division. "

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Metaphase

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" The third phase of mitosis, the process that separates duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells."

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Anaphase

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" The fourth phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. "

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Telophase

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" In which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed."

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Cytokinesis

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" Ringing about the separation into two daughter cells. "

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Cell Plate

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" (in plant cells) a plate that develops at the midpoint between the two groups of chromosomes in a dividing cell and that is involved in forming the wall between the two new daughter cells. Origin of cell plate Expand. "

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Chromatin

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" a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. "

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Centiroles

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"a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division."

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Microtubules

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filamentous intracellular structures that are responsible for various kinds of movements in all eukaryotic cells.

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Nuclear envelope/ membrane

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the double lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells.

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Nucleolus

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the nuclear subdomain that assembles ribosomal subunits in eukaryotic cells.

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Poles

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each of the extremities of the axis of the earth or of any sphericalbody.

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Spindle fibers

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necessary to equally divide the chromosomes in a parental cell into two daughter cells during both types of nuclear division: mitosis and meiosis.

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Metaphase plate

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an imaginary line that is equidistant from the two centrosome poles.

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Cell plate

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This process entails the delivery of Golgi-derived and endosomal vesicles carrying cell wall and cell membrane components to the plane of cell division and the subsequent fusion of these vesicles within this plate.

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Cleavage furrow

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"The indentation of the cell's surface that begins the progression of cleavage, by which animal and some algal cells undergo cytokinesis, the final splitting of the membrane, in the process of cell division."

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meiosis

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"a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores."

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gametes

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"a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote."

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somatic cells

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"any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells."

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haploid

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"having a single set of unpaired chromosomes."

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diploid

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"containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent."

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zygote

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"a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum."

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meiosis I

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"cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; the nucleus divides into four nuclei each containing half the chromosome number (leading to gametes in animals and spores in plants)"

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meiosis II

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"During this stage, sister chromatids separate to form haploid cells with just one chromatid per chromosome. Learn more about the stages of meiosis II: prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II."

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n

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"Having the same number of sets of chromosomes as a germ cell, or half the diploid number of a somatic cell. The haploid number (23 in humans) is the normal chromosome complement of germ cells. n."

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2n

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"If a haploid cell has n chromosomes, a diploid cell has 2n (n represents a number, which is different for every species – in humans, for example, n = 23 and 2n = 46). Both diploid and haploid cells can undergo mitosis."

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homologous chromosomes

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" In their structure homologous chromosomeshave the same genes as each other in the same sequence but do not necessarily have the same allele of those genes."

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independent assortment

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"formation of random combinations of chromosomes in meiosis and of genes on different pairs of homologous chromosomes by the passage according to the laws of probability of one of each diploid pair of homologous chromosomes into each gamete independently of each other pair."

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crossing over

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"The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis and contributes to genetic variability."

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biodiversity

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"the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem."

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genetic diversity

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"Genetic diversity is the total number of geneticcharacteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. It is distinguished from genetic variability, which describes the tendency of genetic characteristics to vary."