Cell Cycle

Front 1

meiosis

Back 1

cell division occurring in sexually reproductive organisms (2n --> n)

Front 2

mitosis

Back 2

cell division where offspring has identical genetic material (2n --> 2n)

Front 3

type of cell that meiosis occurs in

Back 3

gametes

Front 4

type of cells that mitosis occurs in

Back 4

somatic cells

Front 5

chromasome

Back 5

long single double helix of DNA organized around proteins called histones

Front 6

chromatin

Back 6

a complex of DNA and proteins (histones)

Front 7

interphase

Back 7

G1, S, G2

Front 8

synthesis

Back 8

chromosomes double

Front 9

gap phases

Back 9

prep and functional phases

Front 10

Prophase

Back 10

chromosomes condense, first becoming visible. Spindle apparatus forms, moving replicated chromosomes

Front 11

spindle apparatus

Back 11

an array of microtubles that move chromosomes around the cell

Front 12

Prometaphase

Back 12

the nuclear envelope dissolves, microtubles attach at the kinetochores. Chromosomes are moved until they reach the spindle

Front 13

Metaphase

Back 13

mitotic spindle complete, chromosomes line up on the metaphase place (b/w spindle poles). Each chromosome is help w/kinetochore tubles from opposite poles

Front 14

Anaphase

Back 14

cohesions between sister chromatids split, pulled in opposite directions, creating 2 sets of daughter chromosomes

Front 15

Telophase

Back 15

new nuclear envelopes form, chromosomes condense. Mitosis is complete when 2 nuclei form. Cytokinesis occurs immediately after cleavage furrow shrinks and tightens until division is complete.

Front 16

G1

Back 16

checkpoint before DNA synthesis. (most important) filters cells to S phase or resting phase

Front 17

quiescence

Back 17

resting phase

Front 18

4 factors that determine if cell is to pass to S phase

Back 18

size, nutrient availability, "social" signals from surrounding cells (growth factors) & physical DNA damage

Front 19

what is activated by damaged cells

Back 19

p53 (protein) "guardian of genome" "tumor suppressor"

Front 20

apoptosis

Back 20

cell suicide

Front 21

G2 check point

Back 21

after S phase, catches cell in synthesis when replication gets messed up (repairs or kills)

Front 22

M1 phase check point

Back 22

b/w metaphase and anaphase, ensures sister chromatids do not split until all kinetochores are attached to spindle apparatus

Front 23

M2 check point

Back 23

b/w anaphase and telophase, ensures that chromosomes have fully separated

Front 24

cancer

Back 24

40% of Americans will develop it. A complex family of diseases where cells grow uncontrollably

Front 25

malignant

Back 25

cancer spreads to nearby cells

Front 26

metastasis

Back 26

cancer spreads to other sites in the body

Front 27

homologous chromosomes

Back 27

chromosomes with similar size, shape, and genetic info. these are present in mitosis, but do not cross or pair, while the opposite is true for meiosis.

Front 28

ploidy

Back 28

karyotype identifies # and types of chromosomes in species

Front 29

diploid

Back 29

contains two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (2n), 2 alleles of each gene

Front 30

haploid

Back 30

has a single set of unpaired chromosomes (n), 1 allele of each gene

Front 31

meiosis begins with

Back 31

46 chromosomes

Front 32

prophase

Back 32

chromosomes condense, spindle forms, nuclear envelope dissolves, homologous chromosomes paid up at synapse, crossover points (2n)

Front 33

Metaphase 1

Back 33

pairs of homo chromosomes line up at metaphase plate (2n)

Front 34

Anaphase 1

Back 34

homologous chromosomes separate, going towards opposite ends of spindle (2n)

Front 35

Telophase 1

Back 35

complete migration to poles, spindle apparatus disassembles (n)

Front 36

Prophase 2

Back 36

spindle forms (n)

Front 37

Metaphase 2

Back 37

chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate

Front 38

Anaphase 2

Back 38

sister chromatids separate, moving to opposite poles

Front 39

Telophase 2

Back 39

daughter chromosomes finish migration to poles, spindle breaks down, nuclear envelope reforms

Front 40

products of mitosis

Back 40

2 diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical

Front 41

products of meiosis

Back 41

4 haploid daughter cells, genetically distinct from each other and parents

Front 42

crossing over: condensation

Back 42

sister chromatids joined by cohesins

Front 43

crossing over: synapsis

Back 43

homologous chromosomes join, held together at synaptonemal complex

Front 44

crossing over can only occur b/w

Back 44

non sister chromatids

Front 45

partial separation

Back 45

homologous chromosomes help together only at chiasmata

Front 46

how does meiosis promote genetic variation

Back 46

1. independent association
2. crossing over

Front 47

aneuploidy

Back 47

wrong # of chromosomes, usually resulting from nondisjunction (bad separation)

Front 48

crossing over definition

Back 48

the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring