Cell Cycle

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Cell cycle

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A cell cycle is a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides. A cell spends most of its time in what is called interphase, and during this time it grows, replicates its chromosomes, and prepares for cell division. The cell then leaves interphase, undergoes mitosis, and completes its division.

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Interphase

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the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis.

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G1

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The G1 phase, or Gap 1 phase, is the first of four phases of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division. In this part of interphase, the cell synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for subsequent steps leading to mitosis.

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S

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S-phase (synthesis phase) is the part of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase. Precise and accurate DNA replication is necessary to prevent genetic abnormalities which often lead to cell death or disease.

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G2

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G2 phase, or pre-mitotic phase, is the third and final subphase of Interphase in the cell cycle directly preceding mitosis. It follows the successful completion of S phase, during which the cell's DNA is replicated.

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G0

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The G0 phase is a period in the cell cycle in which cells exist in a quiescent state. G0 phaseis viewed as either an extended G1 phase, where the cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide, or a distinct quiescent stage that occurs outside of the cell cycle.

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Cancer

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the disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body.

a malignant growth or tumor resulting from the division of abnormal cells.

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Mitosis

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a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.

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Cell division

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the division of a cell into two daughter cells with the same genetic material.

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Parent cell

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parent cell. A cell that is the source of other cells, as a cell that divides to produce two or more daughter cells, or a stem cell that is a progenitor of other cells or is the first in a line of developing cells. Also called mother cell.

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Daughter cell

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daughter cells definition. The cells that result from the reproductive division of one cell during mitosis ormeiosis.

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Checkpoint

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A checkpoint is one of several points in the eukaryotic cell cycle at which the progression of a cell to the next stage in the cycle can be halted until conditions are favorable.

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Prophase

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the first stage of cell division, before metaphase, during which the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears. The first prophase of meiosis includes the reduction division.

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Metaphase

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Metaphase is the third phase of mitosis, the process that separates duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. During metaphase, the cell's chromosomes align themselves in the middle of the cell through a type of cellular "tug of war."

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Anaphase

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the stage of meiotic or mitotic cell division in which the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle.

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Telophase

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the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.

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Cytokinesis

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the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.

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Cell plate

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(in plant cells) a plate that develops at the midpoint between the two groups of chromosomes in a dividing cell and that is involved in forming the wall between the two new daughter cells.

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Chromatin

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the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.

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Centrioles

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a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.

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Microtubules

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a microscopic tubular structure present in numbers in the cytoplasm of cells, sometimes aggregating to form more complex structures.

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Nuclear envelope/membrane

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A nuclear membrane, also known as thenuclear envelope, nucleolemma or karyotheca, is the double lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells.

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Nucleolus

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a small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase

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Poles

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Either extremity of the main axis of a nucleus, cell, or organism.Either end of the spindle formed in a cell during mitosis.The point on a nerve cell where a process originates.Either of two antithetical ideas, propensities, forces, or positions.A fixed point of reference.

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Spindle fibers

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Spindle fibers form a protein structure that divides the genetic material in a cell. Thespindle is necessary to equally divide the chromosomes in a parental cell into two daughter cells during both types of nuclear division: mitosis and meiosis.

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Metaphase plate

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Medical Definition of metaphase plate. : a plane cell section in the equatorial plane of the metaphase spindle having the chromosomes oriented upon it.

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Cell plate

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(in plant cells) a plate that develops at the midpoint between the two groups of chromosomes in a dividing cell and that is involved in forming the wall between the two new daughter cells.

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Cleavage furrow

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In cell biology, the cleavage furrow is the indentation of the cell's surface that begins the progression of cleavage, by which animal and some algal cells undergo cytokinesis, the final splitting of the membrane, in the process of cell division.

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Meiosis

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Meiosis is the process by which gametes are created.

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.

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Gametes (give examples)

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a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.(male sperm cell and female egg are gametes)

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Somatic cells (give examples)

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any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.(skin cell,brain cell,blood cell,etc.)

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Haploid

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(of a cell or nucleus) having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.

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Diploid

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(of a cell or nucleus) containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

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Zygote

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a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.

formed by a fertilization event between two gametes. The zygote's genome is a combination of the DNA in each gamete, and contains all of the genetic information necessary to form a new individual.

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Meiosis I

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cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; the nucleus divides into four nuclei each containing half the chromosome number (leading to gametes in animals and spores in plants)

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Meiosis II

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Meiosis II is the second stage of meiosis. During this stage, sister chromatids separate to form haploid cells with just one chromatid per chromosome.

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n

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haploid cell

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2n

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When two haploid cells fuse, one diploid cell is produced. In this figure, n = 4 and 2n = 8. Meiosis is the process of creating haploid gametes from a diploid cell.

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homologous chromosomes

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similar chromosomes

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independent assortment

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How different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive (sex) cells are produced.

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crossing over

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During prophase of meiosis I, homologous chromosomes (similar chromosomes) pair up with each other and exchange different segments (parts) of their DNA to increase genetic diversity.

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biodiversity

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variety in living things

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genetic diversity

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differences between the DNA of individuals of the same species