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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Adenine
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nitrogen-containing aromatic base, chemically designed at a purine, pairs with either thymine or uracil
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Adenosine diphosphate
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adenosine with two phosphates linked to each other with a phosphoanhydride bond and to the 5' carbon of ribose by a phosphoester bond
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Adenosine triphosphate
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adenosine with three phosphates linked to each other by phosphoanhydride bonds and to the 5' carbon of hte ribose by a phosphoester bond
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Adenosine monophosphate
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adenosine with a phospate linked ot the 5' carbon of robse by a phosphoester bond
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Alpha helix
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spiral-shaped secondary structure of protein molecules, consisting of a backbone of peptide bonds wtih R groups of amino acids jutting out
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Amino acids
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monomeric units of proteins, consisting of a carboxylic acid with an amino group and one variety of R groups attached to the alpha carbon, 20 different kinds of amino acids are normally found in proteins
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Amylopectin
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branched-chain form of starch
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Amylose
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straight chain form of starch
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base pairing
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complementary relationship between purines and pyrimidines based on hydrogen bonding that provides a mechanism for nucleic acids to recognize and bind to each other
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Beta sheet
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extended sheetlike secondary structure of proteins in which adjacent polypeptides are linked by h-bonds between amino acids and carbonyl groups
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C-terminus
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the end of a polypeptide chain that contains the last amino acid to be incorporated during mRNA translation
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carbohydrates
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general name given to molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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Cellulose
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structural polysaccharide present in cell walls
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Chitin
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structural polysaccharide found in insect exoskeletons and crustacean cells
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Cholesterol
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lipid constituent of animal cell plama membrane, serves as a precursor to the steroid hormones
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Conformation
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3D shape of a polypeptide or other biological macromolecules
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Cytosine
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nitrogen-containing aromatic base chemically designed as a pyramidine, that serves as an informational monomeric unit when present in nucleic acids with other bases in a specific sequence
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Deoxyribose
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five carbon sugar present in DNA
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Disaccharides
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carbohydrate consisting of two covalently linked monosaccharide units
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Disulfide bonds
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covalent bond formed between two sulfur atoms upon oxidation of two cytosines-stablized tertiary structure of proteins
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DNA
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marcomolecule that serves as a repository of genetic info in cells, contains nucleotides of deoyxribose phosphate linked to bases, forms a double helix held together by complementary base pairing
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Domain
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a discrete, locally folded unit of protein teritiary structure
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double helix
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two intertwined helical chains of a DNA molecule
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Fatty acids
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long, unbranched chains that has a carboxyl group and one end and is therefore amphipathic
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Fibrous proteins
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proteins with extensive alpha helix or beta sheet structure that confers a highly ordered, repetitive structure
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fischer projection
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model depicting the chemical structure of a molecule as a chain drawn vertically with the most oxidized atom on top and horizontal projects that are understood to be coming out of hte plane of the paper
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Globular proteins
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protein whose polypeptide chains fold in compact structure rather than extended filaments
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Glycerol
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three carbon alcohol with a hydroxy group at each carbon, serves are the backbone for tricylglycerols
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Glycogen
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highly branched storage polysaccharide in animal cells
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Glycolipids
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lipid molecules containing a bound carbohydrate group
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Guanine
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purine, forms complementary pair with cytosine
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Glycosidic bond
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bond linking a sugar to another molecule, which may be a sugar
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Haworth projection
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model that depicts the chemical structure of a molecule is a way that suggests the spatial relationship of different parts of the molecule
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Hydrogen bonds
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weak attractive interaction between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen covalently bonded to another electronegative atom
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Hydrophobic interactions
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tendency of hydrophobic groups to be excluded from interactions with water molecules
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Ionic bonds
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attractive force between a positively charged chemical group and a negatively charged one
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Lipids
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any of a large and diverse chemical class of organic compounds that are poorly soluble or insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
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Monomeric proteins
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protein that consists of a single polypeptide chains
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monosaccharides
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simple sugar,the repeating unit of polysacchrides
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Motifs
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region of protein secondary structure consisting of small segments of alpha helix and/or beta sheets connected by looped regions of varying length
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Multimeric proteins
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protein that consists of two or more polypeptide chains
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Multiprotein complex
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two or more protein (usually enzymes) bound together in a certain way that allows each to play a sequential role in the same multistep process
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N-terminus
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the end of a polypeptide chain that contains the first amino acid to be incorporated during mRNA translation, usually has a free amino group
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Native conformation
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3D folding of a protein that represents its most stable conformation
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Nucleotides
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molecule consists of a nitrogen containing base linked to a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) that is attached to a phosphate group, aka nucleoside monophosphate
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Noncovalent bonds and interactions
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binding forces that DO NOT involve the sharing of electrons
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Nucleic acids
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linear polymer of nucleotides joined together in a genetically determined order
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Nucleoside
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nucleotide without the phosphate, only the nitrogen containing based and the sugar
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Nucleoside monophosphate
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another name for a nucleotide
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Phosphatidic acid
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basic component of phosphoglycerides, consists of two fatty acids and phosphate group linked by ester bonds to glycerol, they are key intermediates in the synthesis of other phosphoglycerides
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Phosphoglycerides
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predominant phospholipid molecule of cell membranes, consisting of a glycerol molecule esterified to two fatty acids and a phosphate group
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Phospholipids
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lipid possessing a covalently attached phosphate group and therefore exhibiting both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties
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polynucleotide
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linear chain of nucleotides linked by phosphoester bonds
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Polypeptide
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linear chain of amino acids liked by peptide bonds
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polysaccharides
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polymer consisting of sugars and sugar derivatives linked by glycosidic bonds
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Primary structure
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sequence of amino acids in a peptide chain
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Proteins
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macromole consists of amino acids folded into a structure dictated by the sequence of amino acids
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Purine
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two-ringed nitrogen containing molecule, parent compound of the bases adenine and guanine
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Pyrimidine
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single ringed nitrogen-containing molecule, parent compound of bases thymine, uracil, cytosine
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3', 5' phophodiester bond
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covalent linkage in which two parts of a molecule are joined through oxygen atoms to the same phosphate group
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Quaternary structure
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level of protein structure involving two or more polypeptide chains interacting to form a multimeric protein
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Ribose
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five carbon sugar present in RNA and in important nucleoside triphosphates such as ATP and GTP
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RNA
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nucleic acid that plays several different roles in genetic expression: constructed from nucleotides consisting of ribose phosphate linked to bases
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Saturated fatty acids
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fatty acids without double or triple bonds
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Secondary structure
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level of protein structure involving h-bonding of atoms in the peptide bonds along the peptide backbone that allows the molecule to form alpha helices or beta sheets
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Sphingolipids
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class of lipids containing the amine alcohol sphinosine as a backbone
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Sphingosine
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amine alcohol that serves as the backbone for sphingolipids, contains an amino group that can form an amide bond with a long-chain fatty acid, also contains a hydroxy group that can attach to a phosphate group
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Starch
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storage polysaccharide in plants
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Steroid hormones
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any of several steroids derived from cholesterol that function as signaling molecules, moving via the circulatory system to target tissues
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Steroids
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any number of lipid molecules that are derived from a four-membered ring compound called phenanthrene.
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template
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a nucleic acid whose base sequence serves as a complementary pattern for the synthesis of another nucleic acid
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Terpenes
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lipid constructed from the five-carbon compound isoprene and its derivatives, joined together in various combinations
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Tertiary structure
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level of protein structure involving interactions between amino acid side chains of the polypeptide, regardless of where along the primary sequence they are located, results in the 3D folding of the polypeptide
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Thymine
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pyrimidine that schools are an informational monomeric unit when present in DNA in a specific sequence, pairs with adenosine by h-bonding
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Triacyclglycerols
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a glycerol molecule with three fatty acids linked to it, also called a triglyceride
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Unsaturated fatty acids
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fatty acids with double or triple bonds
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Uracil
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pyrimidine nucleotide that codes information when in a RNA sequence with other bases, pairs with adenosine through h bonding
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Van der waals interactions
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interactions between two atoms caused by transient asymmeties in the distribution of charge in each atom
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