Cell Bio Lab Final Apoptosis

Front 1

apoptosis is __ __ __

Back 1

programmed cell death

Front 2

what is the main difference btw apoptosis and necrosis

Back 2

apoptosis : cells die in response to a variety of stimuli and they do so in a CONTROLLED REGULATED FASHION

necrosis: UNCONTROLLED CELL DEATH lead to the LYSES of cells

Front 3

necrosis leads to __ __ and __

Back 3

lyses of cells
inflammatory response
potentially serious health problems

Front 4

a family of proteins known as _____ are typically activated in the early stages of apoptosis

Back 4

caspases

Front 5

what is the function of caspases

Back 5

they breakdown or cleave cellular components that are required for normal cellular function including sturctural proteins in the
cytoskeleton
and nuclear proteins such as DNA repair enzymes

Front 6

the caspases can activate degradative enzymes such as ____. what is their function

Back 6

DNases cleave DNA in the nucleus

Front 7

describe what a cell undergoing apoptosis looks like

Back 7

1. cell shrinks after cleavage of lamins and actin filaments in the cytoskeleton

2. the breakdown of chromatin in the nucleus leads to NUCLEAR CONDENSATION (horse shoe like appearance)

3 cells cont to shrink

4 the end stages are often characterized by the apparence of membrane blebs

Front 8

there are a number of mechanisms by which apoptosis can be induced in cells.
it depends on a number of factors such as the expression of PRO AND ANTI APOPTOTIC PROTEINS give two examples of these

Back 8

bcl2 proteins and inhibitor of apoptosis proteins

Front 9

in some cases the apoptotic stimuli extrinsic signals such as the binding of death inducing ligands to cell surface receptors called ____.
these ligands can either be SOLUBLE or can be expressed on of cells such as ____

Back 9

depth receptors

cytotoxic t lymphocytes

Front 10

t cells recognize damaged or virus infected cells and initiate apoptosis in order to prevent ....

Back 10

damaged cells from becoming neoplastic ( cancerous)

or virus infected cells from spreading infection

Front 11

apoptosis can be induced by cytotoxic t lyphocytes using the enzyme _____

Back 11

granzyme

Front 12

in other cases apoptosis be can initiated following ____ signals that are produced flowing CELLULAR STRESS

cellular stress may occur from what? (3 things)

Back 12

intrinsic signals

exposure of radiation or chemical or viral infection
or a consequence of a growth factor deprivation or oxidative stress caused by free radicals

Front 13

in general intrinsic signals initiate apoptosis via the involvement of the___

Back 13

mitochondria

Front 14

the relative ration of ____ can often determine how much cellular stress is necessary to induce apoptosis

Back 14

bcl2 proteins

Front 15

___ is the premature death of cells and living tissue

Back 15

necrosis

Front 16

cells that die by necrosis do not usually send the same chemical signals to the immune system that apoptotic cells do. what does this prevent?

Back 16

this prevent nearby PHAGOCYTES from locating and engulfing the dead cells leading to the build up of DEAD TISSUE and CELL DEBRIS at or near the site of infection

Front 17

what is necrosis caused by? 3 things

Back 17

external factors
infections
toxins
trauma

Front 18

excessive apoptosis causes ____
whereas insufficient amount results in ___

Back 18

hypotrophy,such as ischemic damage

uncontrolled cell proliferation CANCER