Cell Bio Final!!!!

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Adaptive immune response

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a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth.

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antibody heavy chain

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the inside longer portin of the antibody

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antibody response

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is used by theimmune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the harmful agent, called an antigen, via the variable region

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autoimmune disease

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abnormal immune response in which the immune system targets cells of host

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B cell somatic hypermutation

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a cellular mechanism by which the immune system adapts to the new foreign elements that confront

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bone marrow

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???

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CD4 receptor

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a receptor on Helper T-cells for HIV

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class switching

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s a biological mechanism that changes a B cell's production of immunoglobulin (antibodies) from one type to another, such as from the isotype IgM to the isotype IgG. During this process, the constant-region portion of the antibody heavy chain is changed, but the variable region of the heavy chain stays the same (the terms "variable" and "constant" refer to changes or lack thereof between antibodies that target different epitopes).

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clonal expansion

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production of daughter cells all arising originally from a single cell. In a clonal expansion of lymphocytes, all progeny share the sameantigen specificity.

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cytokine

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are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling. They are released by cells and affect the behavior of other cells.

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D gene segment

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Heavy chains have V J and D gene segments

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dendritic cell

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re antigen-presenting cells(also known as accessory cells) of the mammalian immune system. Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells of the immune system. They act as messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune systems.

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epitope

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is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells.

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graft rejection

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immune system attacking a donated d organ

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hemopoetic

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stem cells (HSCs) are the blood cells that give rise to all the other blood cells and are derived from mesoderm. They are located in the red bone marrow, which is contained in the core of most bones.

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immunoglobin

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An antibody (AB), also known as an immunoglobulin(Ig), is a large, Y-shape protein produced by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the harmful agent, called an antigen, via the variable region.

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immunological tolerance

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is the failure to mount an immune response to an antigen. It can be: Natural or "self" tolerance. This is the failure (a good thing) to attack the body's own proteins and other antigens.

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innate immune response

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an important subsystem of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms.

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J gene segment

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A smaller piece of an antibody (light chains have them)

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multivalent antigen

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that is antigen molecules with more than one identical epitope per molecule

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kappa chain

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?

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memory cells

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B cell sub-type that are formed within germinal centers following primary infection and are important in generating an accelerated and more robust antibody-mediated immune response in the case of re-infection (also known as a secondary immune response).

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MHC proteins

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The major function of MHCs is to bind to peptide fragments derived from pathogens and display them on the cell surface for recognition by the appropriate T-cells

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plasma cell

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are white blood cells that secrete large volumes ofantibodies.

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polyvalent antigen

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f antibodies that have affinity for various antigens

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primary immune response

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Following the first exposure to a foreign antigen, a lag phase occurs in which no antibody is produced, but activated B cells are differentiating into plasma cells. The lag phase can be as short as 2-3 days, but often is longer, sometimes as long as weeks or months.The amount of antibody produced is usually relatively low.Over time, antibody level declines to the point where it may be undetectable.The first antibody produced is manily IgM (although small amounts of IgG are usually also produced).

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secondary immune response

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If a second dose of the same antigen is given days or even years later, an accelerated 2° or anamnestic immune response (IR) occurs. This lag phase is usually very short (e.g. 3 or 4 days) due to the presence of memory cells.The amount of antibody produced rises to a high level.Antibody level tends to remain high for longer.The main type of antibody produced is IgG (although small amounts of IgM are sometimes produced).

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T-cell mediated response

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s an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.

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T-cell receptor

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is responsible for recognizingantigens bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.

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T-cell positive selection

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?

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thymus

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The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system

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toll-like receptor

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are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single, membrane-spanning, non-catalytic receptors usually expressed in sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes.

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V gene segment

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?

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Ames test

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a widely employed method that uses bacteria to testwhether a given chemical can cause mutations in the DNA of the testorganism.

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angiogenesis

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the physiological process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels.

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benign

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not harmful

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carcinoma

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skin cancer (cancer of epithelial tissue)

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carcinogen

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cancer causing agent

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clonal evolution

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something to do with cancers evolution

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CT scan

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special X-ray tests that produce cross-sectional images of the body using X-rays and a computer.