Cell Bio Final

Front 1

allosteric regulation

Back 1

The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site

Front 2

anabolic pathway

Back 2

A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds.

Front 3

catabolic pathway

Back 3

A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds

Front 4

feedback inhibition

Back 4

A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.

Front 5

induced fit

Back 5

Induced by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate.

Front 6

metabolic pathway

Back 6

A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds (catabolic pathway)

Front 7

metabolism

Back 7

The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism

Front 8

The structural framework in a cell is the

Back 8

The cytoskeleton is the structural framework in a cell ("cyto" refers to cell and "skeleton" refers to a structural framework).

Front 9

What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?

Back 9

The "m" in mRNA stands for "messenger"; mRNA is the messenger that carries genetic instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Front 10

One of the ways smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differs from rough endoplasmic reticulum is that rough ER is covered by

Back 10

Ribosomes dock on the rough ER, and proteins are completed inside the rough ER

Front 11

Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system?

Back 11

The endomembrane system includes the ER, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles. It manufactures, processes, and transports lipids and proteins. The Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins

Front 12

Which of the following organelles breaks down worn-out organelles?

Back 12

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and break down worn-out organelles.

Front 13

What structure acts as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell?

Back 13

The plasma membrane surrounds the cell and regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell.

Front 14

What holds the cells together?

Back 14

Extracellular matrix

Front 15

What do the folds of the mitochondria help?

Back 15

Surface area to make more ATP

Front 16

What do MRNA molecules do?

Back 16

travel from the nucleus to the cytoplasm with the instructions to make specific proteins.

Front 17

Where are lipids made?

Back 17

The smooth ER

Front 18

Converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell

Back 18

Mitochondria

Front 19

In eukaryotic cells the first step in protein synthesis is the _____.

Back 19

Transcription is the first of the two main steps of protein synthesis (transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA )

Front 20

The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____.

Back 20

microtubules

Front 21

A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that __________.

Back 21

eukaryotic cells have organelles; prokaryotic cells do not (Organelles are membrane-bound structures that perform specific functions)

Front 22

Which parts of phospholipids attract water and which avoid water?

Back 22

The electrically charged phosphate groups are attracted to water, and the fatty acid tails avoid water.

Front 23

Chlorophyll

Back 23

a green pigment that is present in most plant and algae cells and some bacteria, that gives plants their characteristic green color, and that absorbs light to provide energy for photosynthesis

Front 24

Calvin Cycle

Back 24

a biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP

Front 25

Grana/Granum

Back 25

a stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast

Front 26

Carbon Fixation

Back 26

the synthesis or organic compounds from carbon dioxide, such as in photosynthesis

Front 27

Photosynthesis

Back 27

the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen

Front 28

Cellular Respiration

Back 28

the process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates; atmospheric oxygen combines with glucose to form water and carbon dioxide

Front 29

Aerobic

Back 29

describes a process that requires oxygen

Front 30

Anaerobic

Back 30

describes a process that does not require oxygen

Front 31

Glycolysis

Back 31

the anaerobic breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid, which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP

Front 32

Fermentation

Back 32

the breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen

Front 33

Electron Transport Chain

Back 33

a series of molecules, found in the inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, through which electrons pass in a process that causes protons to build up on one side of the membrane

Front 34

Krebs Cycle

Back 34

a series of biochemical reactions that convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water; it is the major pathway of oxidation in animal, bacterial, and plant cells, and it releases energy

Front 35

What are microfilaments made of?

Back 35

Actin molecules

Front 36

What do actin molecules polymerize to form?

Back 36

Microfilaments

Front 37

What is the primary function of actin microfilaments in muscle cells?

Back 37

To generate contractile force. They are a part of the sarcomeres.

Front 38

In what sort of a pattern do actin molecules assemble?

Back 38

Twisted double strand.

Front 39

What is the functional relevance of the polarity?

Back 39

Microfilaments and microtubules. This means that they assemble at one and end disassemble at the other end.

Front 40

What non-actin proteins control microfilament assembly?

Back 40

Actin-binding proteins

Front 41

Where in the cell are microfilaments found?

Back 41

They are found scattered throughout the cytoplasm without any centeral organizing structure

Front 42

T/F. Microfilaments anchor some cytoplasmic proteins.

Back 42

True.

Front 43

How is ABP related to cell rigidity?

Back 43

Actin-Binding Protein.

Front 44

T/F. Intermediate filaments have a consistent protein subunit.

Back 44

False. There are over 50 members of the intermediate filament family.

Front 45

Which cytoskeletal element is not essential for cell survival?

Back 45

Intermediate Filaments.

Front 46

Which cytoskeletal elements are relatively easy to disassemble? Which are relatively hard to disassemble?

Back 46

Microtubules and microfilaments are easier to disassemble than intermediate filaments.

Front 47

Where are intermediate filaments localized within a cell?

Back 47

They are found throughout the cytoplasm and in the nucleus

Front 48

Describe the general structure of microtubules.

Back 48

The essential microtubule subunit is an alpha and beta subunit heterodimer. The heterodimers form a hollow tubule.

Front 49

Changes in what environmental factors cause assembly and disassembly of microtubules?

Back 49

[Ca2+] and temperature change lead to polymerization/depolymerization of microtubules.

Front 50

What does GTP addition to the end of a microtubule do?

Back 50

It stabilizes the microtubule and prevents further polymerization.

Front 51

Where are microtubules nucleated (concentrated in the cell)?

Back 51

At the MTOC (Microtubule Organizing Center)

Front 52

What is dynamic instability of microtubules?

Back 52

It's the mechanism by which microtubules polymerize

Front 53

What proteins are associated with and regulate microtubules?

Back 53

Microtubule-Associated Proteins (MAPs)

Front 54

Which end of the microtubule is anchored at the end of the MTOC?

Back 54

The minus end.

Front 55

In what two mitotic structures are microtubules found?

Back 55

Centrioles and Mitotic spindle.

Front 56

What cytoskeletal element is found in centrioles and mitotic spindle?

Back 56

Microtubules

Front 57

In what two locomotion structures are microtubules found?

Back 57

Cilia and Flagella.

Front 58

Mitotic spindle

Back 58

Microfilaments:

Front 59

What cytoskeletal elements are used by Dyneins and Kinesins to move about?

Back 59

Both Dyneins and Kinesins use microtubules.

Front 60

What motor proteins use microtubules as a road?

Back 60

Dyneins and Kinesins use microtubules to move stuff about in cells.

Front 61

What proteins constitute occluding/tight junctions?

Back 61

claudin

Front 62

What is another name for occluding junctions?

Back 62

tight junctions

Front 63

What function do they perform?

Back 63

Tight junctions are found

Front 64

Tight junctions

Back 64

also known as occluding junctions

Front 65

What is the other name for adherens junctions?

Back 65

Zonula adherens

Front 66

Compare and contrast adherens junctions and desmosomes.

Back 66

Zonula adherens and desmosomes are both part of the cadherin family.

Front 67

Desmosomes are spot junctions

Back 67

and are anchored to the cytoskeleton by intermediate filaments.

Front 68

Zonula adherens are belt junctions

Back 68

and are anchored to the cytoskeleton by actin filaments.

Front 69

Compare and contrast focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes.

Back 69

Both Focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes are formed by proteins of the integrin family.

Front 70

Focal adhesions are anchored by actin

Back 70

and transmit mechanical force and regulatory signals from the ECM to the cell

Front 71

Describe what homophilic binding and give two examples of proteins that exhibit homophilic binding. Are the examples Ca2+ or independent?

Back 71

Homophilic binding is when like-proteins bind cell-to-cell. Examples are Cadherins (mediated by Ca2+) and Immunoglobulins (Ca2+ independent).

Front 72

Describe what heterophilic binding is and give two examples of proteins that exhibit this.

Back 72

Heterophilic binding is when molecules of one kind (on a cell) bind to molecules of a different kind (on a different cell).

Front 73

What type of junction requires high [Ca2+]?

Back 73

Cadherins

Front 74

What protein superfamily can mediate both homophilic and heterophilic interaction?

Back 74

Immunoglobulins

Front 75

What family of junctions is Ca2+ independent?

Back 75

Immunoglobulin.

Front 76

Are Selectins Ca2+ dependent or independent?

Back 76

Selectins are Ca2+ dependent.

Front 77

What cell-cell interaction can cause graft-vs-host rejection? Explain what cells are involved.

Back 77

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) partakes in cell-to-B-cell and cell-to-T-cell interactions. Thus

Front 78

What fibrous proteins bridge ECM and cell surface proteins?

Back 78

Fibronectin and Laminin (NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH LAMIN).

Front 79

Name the two proteins that will conduct a structure signal from the ECM to the cell interior.

Back 79

Fibronectin and Integrin couple together to perform this action.

Front 80

What proteins constitute a gap junction?

Back 80

6 Connexins form a connexon which constitutes a gap junction.

Front 81

What promotes an open gap junction pore?

Back 81

Low [Ca2+] and high pH promote an open gap junction.