Cell Bio Final

Front 1

What do Signal Sequences do?

Back 1

Signal sequences direct proteins to the correct destination

Front 2

How does a soluble protein cross the ER membrane and enter the ER lumen?

Back 2

Protein goes through Translocation Channel. Signal Peptidase cleaves Signal Sequence. Protein then in ER Lumen.

Front 3

Vesicles

Back 3

Vesicles bud from one membrane and fuse with another, carrying membrane components and soluble proteins between compartments

Front 4

Clathrin Coats

Back 4

Clathrin-coated vesicles transport selected cargo molecules (endocytosis)

Front 5

What happens to many proteins in the ER?

Back 5

They become Glycosylated. Glycosylation is the enzymatic process that attaches glycans to proteins, lipids, or other organic molecules

Front 6

Where is oligosaccharide synthesized?

Back 6

At the dolichol anchor. It is then transferred to the protein

Front 7

How does cholesterol enter the cell?

Back 7

via LDL-receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 8

How do animal cells signal to one another?

Back 8

Endocrine - send hormones through the blood stream
Paracrine - Signaling cells sends local mediators out
Neuronal - signal goes through axon to the neurotransmitter and across the synapse
Contact Dependent - direct contact between cells

Front 9

What do Hydrophobic Hormones bind to?

Back 9

Intracellular receptors

Front 10

What are the three cell surface receptors?

Back 10

Ion channel coupled receptors
G protein coupled receptors
Enzyme coupled receptors

Front 11

Second Messenger Cyclic AMP

Back 11

Synthesized by adenylyl cylase and degraded by a phosphodiesterase

Front 12

What does Adrenalin do?

Back 12

Stimulates glycogen-breakdown via cyclic AMP in skeletal muscle cells

Front 13

What can also activate gene transcription?

Back 13

A rise in intracellular cyclic AMP

Front 14

What does Phospholipase C activate?

Back 14

PKC via Ca2+ and diacylglycerol

Front 15

What does the activation of a receptor tyrosine kinase do?

Back 15

Stimulates the assembly of an intracellular signaling complex

Front 16

What is the cytoskleton made out of and what does it do?

Back 16

3 types of protein filaments:
intermediate filaments, microtubules and actin filaments

It gives a cell its shape and allows the cells to organize its internal components

Front 17

GTP hydrolysis*

Back 17

controls the growth (polymerization) of microtubules

Front 18

Name the two motor proteins that transport cargo along microtubules and in which direction

Back 18

Kinesins - outward (- end to + end)
Dyneins - inward (+ end to - end)

Front 19

Sarcomeres*

Back 19

contractile units of skeletal muscle. Composed of myosin (thick filaments) and actin (thin filaments). This makes up myofibrils

Front 20

Troponin (Troponin Complex)

Back 20

Controls skeletal muscle contraction. Tropomysin blocks myosin binding site on actin. Myosin binding site is exposed by Ca2+ mediated tropomysin movement. This causes contraction

Front 21

4 (5) Phases of the cell cycle

Back 21

M Phase - Mitosis (nuclear division) & Cytokenesis (cytoplasmic division)
G1 or G_o Phase
S Phase - DNA replication
G2 Phase

All but M phase make up interphase

Front 22

Progression in the Cell Cycle

Back 22

Dependent on cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

It binds a regulatory protein called a cyclin

Front 23

M Phase of Cell Cycle

Back 23

Starts with chromosome replication in the nucleus
Then Mitosis (cell division begins) - prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Then Cytokenesis - cell completely divides

Front 24

Apoptosis*

Back 24

Physiological cell death

Mediated by an intracellular proteolytic cascade (caspace cascade)

Front 25

Necrosis*

Back 25

Pathophysiological Death

Induced by an injury

Front 26

Meiosis produces ____________ cells and mitosis ___________ cells.

Back 26

4 non identical haploid cells
2 identical diploid cells

Front 27

Errors in _________ _________ during meiosis can result in:

Back 27

chromosome segregation
gametes with incorrect numbers of chromosomes

down syndrome, trisomy 21

Front 28

Mendel studied seven different traits that are inherited in a discrete fashion

Back 28

Seed Shape
Seed Color
Flower Color
Flower Position
Pod Shape
Pod Color
Plant Height

Some recessive, some dominant

Front 29

Genes that lie far enough apart on the same chromosome can sort independently

Back 29

The further away the genes, the more likely a cross over event will occur

Front 30

Animal cells have no ______ ______
Animal connective tissue consists of _______ _______

Back 30

cell wall
extracellular matrix

Front 31

What attaches a cell to the extracellular matrix?

Back 31

Fibronectin and integrin molecules

Front 32

Several types of cell-cell junctions are found in (epithelial) animal cells

Back 32

Tight Junction
Adherens Junction
Desmosome
Gap Junction
Hemidesmosome

Front 33

Tight Junction

Back 33

seals neighboring cells together in an epithelial sheet to prevent leakage of molecules between them

Front 34

Adherens Junction

Back 34

joins an actin bundle in one cell to a similar bundle in a neighboring cell

Front 35

Desmosome

Back 35

joins the intermediate filaments in one cell to those in a neighbor

Front 36

Gap Junction

Back 36

forms channels that allow small water soluble molecules, including ions, to pass from cell to cell

Gap junctions (connexins) provide neighboring cells
with a direct channel of communication (regulated by Ca2+)

Front 37

Hemidesmosome

Back 37

anchors intermediate filaments in a cell to the basal lamina

The basal lamina is a layer of extracellular matrix secreted by the epithelial cells, on which the epithelium sits

Front 38

Benign Tumor

Back 38

Has neoplastic gland tubules
Adenoma

Front 39

Malignant Tumor

Back 39

Has invasive cancerous gland tubules
Adenocarcinoma

Front 40

Name 4 hydrophobic hormones

Back 40

Cortisol, estradiol, testosterone, thyroxine

Front 41

Connective Tissue

Back 41

Collagen Fiber and Elastic FIber
Hyaluronan
Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins