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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homeostasis |
Self regulating process for cells to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions for survival |
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Cellular Responses to Stress |
Adaptation Reversible Injury Irreversible Injury Apoptosis |
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Atrophy vs Hypoplasia |
Atrophy: decrease in size of a cell that used to be normal size -occurs due to decreased stimulus to an organ (low blood supply/innervation/endocrine stimuli, dec. workload, disuse, aging) Hypoplasia: decrease in # of cells- organ was never of normal size (developmental issue) |
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Hyperplasia |
Increased # of cells, and subsequently increase in organ size Cells that cannot divide (fixed cells) cannot undergo hyperplasia(neural and cardiac cells) |
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Hypertrophy |
Increase in the size of a cell Due to increased production of intracellular protein. Distinguished from hyperplasia by microscopic examination |
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Hyperplasia |
Increased # of cells due to cell division, and subsequently increase in organ size Cells that cannot divide (fixed cells) cannot undergo hyperplasia(neural and cardiac cells) |
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Metaplasia |
Change of epithelium to another type in an abnormal location; normal cells, abnormal location. Due to: Reprogramming of multipotent adult stem cells bc the epithelium normally present cannot handle the chronic irritation Ex- Persistent gastric reflux into the esophagus causes the epithelium in the esophagus to convert to glandular, like the stomach epithelium. Reversible, but neoplasm can become permanent |
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When does cell injury occur? |
When cells cannot adapt to environmental changes |
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Most Vulnerable Systems to cell death |
DNA Cell membranes Protein generation ATP Production |
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What happens when intracellular Calcium levels increase? Mitochondria cytosolic calcium increases? |
Protein breakdown and DNA damage, cell membrane damage
Lipid peroxidation, activation of cytochrome c inducing apoptosis |
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If ATP production decreases in a cell, |
Na+ enters the cell, bringing fluid and causing intracellular swelling. Respiration changes from aerobic to anaerobic = decreased pH of cell due to release of lactic acid. If ATP is restored, cell injury can be reversed |
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Causes of irreversible cell injury |
Membrane disturbances Loss of mitochondria function Loss of DNA |
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Decrease in ATP causes increase in anaerobic respiration, increase in lactic acid, decrease in pH, which causes what in cells? |
Disaggregation of ribosomes from the ER Clumping of nuclear chromatin |
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Damage from free radicals (molecule w unpaired electron aka ROS) includes: |
Lipid peroxidation (damages cell membranes) DNA fragmentation Protein cross linking
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Methods to reduce reactive oxygen species: |
Catalase- breaks down hydrogen peroxide Superoxide Dismutase- converts superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide Glutathione- breakdown of hydroxyl radicals Vitamins A C E - antioxidants
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Apoptosis |
Programmed/controlled cell death Due to DNA damage(so damaged cells do not replicate) or normal development No inflammatory response Membranes stay in tact Formation of apoptotic bodies that are phagocytized by Macrophages |
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Necrosis |
Uncontrolled cell death Due to cellular injury Induced inflammatory response Types of Necrosis: Coagulative Liquefactive Fat Caseous Gangrenous “Cats lie for constant giggles” |
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Coagulative Necrosis |
Cell architecture is preserved Usually in hypoxic cell death Protein denaturation > enzymatic breakdown Increase eosinophils, decrease basophils |
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Liquefactive Necrosis |
Pus, liquidy appearance Enzymatic breakdown > protein denaturation Usually in bacterial infections Loss of normal cell structure Occurs in organs with high fat and high enzymatic content |
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Caseous necrosis |
Cheesy looking Usually in chronic inflammation, granulomas No architecture is preserved, cells not completely digested, granular debris |
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Fat Necrosis |
Breakdown of lipids into fatty acids that combine with Ca - chalky deposits Usually in breasts or under skin Due to trauma or released enzymes |
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Gangrenous Necrosis |
Loss of blood flow to keep tissue alive Dry- not infected Wet- infected leads to sepsis |
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Nitric oxide |
Mediates Inflammatory vasodilation |
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Inflammatory Exudates |
Serous- normal- plasma, sugar, protein Sanguinous- normal bloody drainage Serosanguinous- plasma w RBC (pink) Fibrinous- severe injury- sticky appearance Purulent- infection- WBC, bacteria, debris, inflammatory cells |
