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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 attributes used to classify consonants?
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1) manner of articulation
2) place of articulation 3) voicing |
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Plosive
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Stopping air flow and then suddenly releasing it
ex) P, B |
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Fricative
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Forcing air through narrow construction producing friction-like sound ex) F, V, S, Z, SH, TH, H
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Affricate
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Stopping of air, releasing it followed by a friction-like sound ex) CH, J
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Liquid
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ex) L, R
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Glide (regards to manner of articulation)
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Production involves continuous movement the articulators
ex) W, J |
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Define a cognate pair
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Two consonants produced in the same place, in the same manner but differ only in voicing
ex) P and B, T and D, S and Z |
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Who introduced the concept of phonological processes?
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Stampe in 1969
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Phonological processes
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Child produces words that are simpler than the adult production
ex) child transposes sounds in a word, aminal for animal or ephelant for elephant |
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At what age are phonological processes repressed?
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18 months - 4 years
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What percentage of individuals have speech language impairments?
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10%
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What is a functional disorder?
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There is no known cause for the disorder (autism, stuttering)
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How are clefts caused?
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Heredity, meds taken by mother, maternal diet
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What is the difference between macro and microglossia?
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macroglossia: tongue is too large
microglossia: tongue is too small |
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Neutrocclusion
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Normal bite but teeth are crooked
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Distocclusion
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Top arch too far forward from bottom arch AKA overbite
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Mesiocclusion
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Bottom arch is in front of top arch AKA underbite; causes the most articulation errors
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What is dysarthria?
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motor speech disorders; damage to brain and/or nerve tracts
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What is typically normal in an autistic child?
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4:1 Guys vs Girls; normal appearance; echolalia, difficulty expressing emotion, difficulty finding words, difficulty with both comprehension and expression of language
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How are TBI's acquired?
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Traumatic Brain Injury
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What is aphonia?
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Having no voice at all
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What is hypernasality?
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Too much escaping through nasal cavities
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Stuttering is most common in what population?
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Males 4:1
80% of children stutter spontaneously and recover by the age of 6 (developmental stuttering) |
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What are the four primary processes (anatomically) for speech?
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1) Respiration (breathing)
2) Phonation (making noise) 3) Resonation (your unique tone) 4) Articulation |
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The primary muscle for breathing is?
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Diaphragm
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What are the nasal sounds?
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M, N, NG
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What anatomical structures allow us to create sound?
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Vibration of vocal cords, vocal folds (muscular tissues)
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What are the articulators?
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Teeth, tongue (most important), lips, alveolar ridge (directly behind front teeth-part of hard palate), hard palate, soft palate, jaw
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The components of the central nervous system are?
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Brain and spinal cord
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What are the middle ear bones?
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Malleus (hammer-largest bone, attached to eardrum), Incus (anvil-middle bone), Stapes (stirrup-known as the ossicular chain)
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What is considered the end organ of hearing?
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Inner ear, cochlea?
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Are most consonants voiced or unvoiced?
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voiced
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What does the cerebellum do?
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Ensures smooth, precise and coordinated movements
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What is the pinna?
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Fleshy, visible part of ear
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