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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anosognosia
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Ignorance of paralysis - most often due to non-dominant parietal lobe lesions
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Alexia
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Inability to comprehend meaning of written words
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Diadochokinesia
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Normal power of bringing a limb into opposite positions (flexion/extension)
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Graphesthesia
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Ability to identify a number drawn on the skin by feel
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Stereognosis
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Ability to identify an object by touch
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Akinesia
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Lack of voluntary movement
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Bradykinesia
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reduced speed/spontaneity of voluntary movement
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Rigidity
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Abnormally increased muscle tone, resistant to passive motion
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Tremor
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Regulary, rhythmic, involuntary oscillation of a body part
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Rest tremor
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tremor occuring when a body part is at rest and supported
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Postural tremor
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Tremor most prominent when body part is maintained in a non-resting postrue
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Kinetic tremor
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Tremor accentuated with goal directed movement
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Postural instability
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hunched over, fall when pushed/pulled lightly
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Chorea
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Rapid, jerky, involuntary movements, irregularly, unpredictably in various body parts
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Asthetosis
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Constant succession of slow, writhing, involuntary movements - mostly fingers, toes, hands , feet
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Ballism
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Violent, large amplitude, involuntary flinging movements of proximal limbs, most severe chorea
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Dystonia
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Sustained or permanent contraction of muscles, fixed bod parts, maintenance of an abnormal posture, or repetitive twisting movements
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Tics
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stereotypic repetitive purposeless, involuntary movements or vocalizations - brief, frequent, irregular, can be voluntarily suppressed (But causes inner tension)
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Festination
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tendency for repeitive movements to increase in frequency and decrease in amplitude
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Myoclonus
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Shock like contractions of a group of muscles, usually due to CNS lesion
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Ulnar nerve innervation?
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"Via muscular branch of the ulnar nerve - Flexor carpi ulnaris, medial half of flexor digitorum profundus
Via deep branch of the ulnar nerve: Hypothenar muscles - opponens, abductor, flexor digiti minimi Hand muscles - 3rd/4th lumbricals, dorsal/plamar interossei, adductor pollicis Via superficial branch of ulnar nerve - palmaris brevis Sensation - palmar branch does palm + nails of 5th + 1/2 of 4th fingers, dorsal branch does back of 5th + 1/2 of 4th fingers" |
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What do the lumbricals do?
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Flex the MCP and extend the IP
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What does ulnar nerve damage look like?
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Ulnar claw - 4th/5th MCPs are extended, but IPs are flexed
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Causes of ulnar nerve damage?
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"Cubital tunnel syndrome - ulnar nerve trapped in the cubital tunnel, between olecranon and medial epicondyle - usually with tingling of the 4th/5th fingers
Klumpke palsy - damage to C8/T1 - catching self while falling from cliff, breech (feet first) delivery" |
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Radial nerve innervation?
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"Muscular branch - tricpes, anconeus, brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus
Deep branch - extensor carpi radialis brevis, supinator Posterior interosseous nerve (continuation of deep branch) - extensor digitorum, digiti minimi, carpi ulnaris, pollicis brevis/longus, indicis, abductor pollicis longus Cutaneous branch - back of arm, back of fingers 1-3.5, up to the nails (nails done by median nerve)" |
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What does radial mononeuropathy look like?
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Typically radial mononeuropathies spare the arm extensors and mostly affect the forearm muscles -> wrist drop
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What does Erb's palsy look like?
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Arm cannot flex (musculocutaneous), wrist flexed (radial), arm internally rotated -> waiter's tip hand
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Causes of radial nerve damage?
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"Saturday night palsy - falling asleep on side of the chair
Erb's palsy - C5/C6 from difficult childbirth (head and neck are pulled toward the side as the shoulders pass through the birth canal), or from trauma to the head or shoulder" |
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Median nerve innervation?
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"Forearm: all flexors of the forearm except flexor carpi ulnaris and part of flexor digitorum profundus (ulnar nerve)
specifically - pronator teres, palmaris longus, pronator quadratus, flexors (carpi radialis, digitorum superficialis and profundus, pollicis longus) Hand: meatLOAF - lumbricals 1 & 2, opponens, abductor, and flexor pollicis brevis Sensation: innervates palmar side + nail bed of fingers 1-3.5" |
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What does a defect in the optic chiasm cause?
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Bitemporal hemianopia
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What does a complete defect behind the optic chiasm cause?
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Homonymous hemianopia
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What is a central scotoma?
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Blind spot at the fovea
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What is a cecocentral scotoma?
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Involves all maculopapular bundle fibers -> large blind spot including fovea and area of the optic disc
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What is an arcuate scotoma?
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Blind spot like u, extending from the optic disc to the nasal visual field (temporal retina)
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What is a temporal wedge scotoma?
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Damage to fibers running from optic disc to temporal visual field (causes wedge since those fibers run directly to the optic disc)
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Complete optic nerve lesion causes
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Blindness in one eye
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Optic radiation lesions cause
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Homonymous quadrantanopias
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What does a retinal lesion usually cause?
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Some form of scotoma
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CN1 function
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Smell
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CN2 function
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"Sight
Pupillary reflex afferent" |
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CN 3 function
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"Eye movement - SR, IR, MR, IO
Pupillary constriction (sphincter pupillae: edinger-westphal nucleus, muscarinic receptors - parasympathetic), pupillary reflex efferent Accommodation Eyelid opening (levator palpebrae)" |
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CN 4 function
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Eye movement - SO (down/in eye movement)
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CN 5 function
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"Motor - mastication
Lacrimal reflex afferent (V1), Corneal reflex afferent (V1 - nasociliary branch) Jaw jerk reflex (V3 muscle spindle from masseter -> V3 motor from masseter) Facial sensation - opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular divisions Somatosensation from anterior 2/3 of tongue Tensor tympani - V3" |
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CN 6 function
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Eye movement - LR (lateral deviation of eye)
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CN 7 function
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"Facial movement
Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue Lacrimation, salivation - submandibular/sublingual glands Corneal reflex efferent (temporal branch, orbicularis oculi) Lacrimation efferent Eyelid closing (orbicularis oculi) Stapedius muscle in ear (nerve travels through parotid gland but doesn't innervate it)" |
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CN 8 function
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Hearing, balance
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CN 9 function
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"Taste, somatosensation from posterior 1/3 of tongue
Swallowing Salivation (parotid gland) Carotid body and sinus chemo/baroreceptor response Stylopharyngeus (elevates pharynx, larynx) Gag reflex afferent" |
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CN 10 function
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"Taste from epiglottic region
Swallowing Palate elevation Midline uvula Talking Coughing Thoracoabdominal viscera Monitoring aortic arch chemo/baroreceptors Gag reflex efferent" |
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CN 11 function
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Heard turning, shoulder shrugging (SCM, trap)
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CN 12 function
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Tongue movement
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Which CN is responsible for aortic arch baroreceptor response?
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10 - vagus
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Which CN is responsible for carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex?
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9 - glossopharyngeal
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Which CN innervates the stylopharyngeus?
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9 - glossopharyngeal
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Which CN innervates the stapedius?
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7
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Which CN innervates the tensor tympani?
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V3
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Which CN does taste in anterior 2/3 of tongue?
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7
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What cranial nerves are involved in the corneal reflex?
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V1 -> VII
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What is the corneal reflex?
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Stimulation of the cornea -> nasociliary branch of V1 -> VII (orbicularis oculi), both eyes close
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What is the lacrimation reflex?
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Irritants -> trigger TRP channels in V1 -> reflex tears from VII
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What is the jaw jerk reflex?
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Tap on jaw -> V3 muscle spindle -> V3 masseter jerk
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What is the pupillary reflex?
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Generally refers to consensual (bilateral) constriction (III) in response to light (II)
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What is the gag reflex?
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Stimulation of back of mouth (IX) -> elevation of soft palate and bilateral contraction of the pharyngeal muscles (X)
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