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5 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A middle aged male with a long history of smoking, presents with a prolonged expiratory wheeze. He is thin and his skin appears pink. His cough is only mildly productive, if at allWhat is the most likely diagnoses? |
Emphysema |
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Describe the gross anatomy of a healthy right lung, including the names of its surfaces, and any special features of its pleura. |
Right Lung • Cone shaped • Apex • Base • Mediastinal surface • Costal surface • Anterior border sharp • Posterior border curved • Oblique fissure • Horizontal fissure Pluera • Costophrenic recess • Costomediastinal recess • Pulmonary ligament • Cervical surface |
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To confirm the likely diagnosis, a blood test and chest x ray (CXR) are performed. The blood test indicates normal blood gases. Describe the patho-physiological mechanism of this condition. |
• The protein, elastin, are important components responsible for the elasticity of the lung. • Protein enzymes, proteases cause the breakdown of proteins • This normal process is counteracted by an anti-proteases enzymes, preventing the total breakdown that could cause lung damage. • Emphysema is believed to be an imbalance between the protein proteases and the protein anti-proteases • Smoking and inherited deficiencies are seen as the main causes of emphysema. • smoking → inflammation → ↑ inflammatory cells → elastase is released → ↑ elastase → ↑ in protein breakdown → destruction of lung tissue and loss of elasticity. |
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Describe the volume and pressure changes which result in quiet inspiration. Name the muscles involved (if any) in each process. |
Quiet inspiration = active with diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contracting. - increase in thoracic cavity volume - decreases in pressure causing air to flow from outside the body to low pressure area inside. |
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Describe the volume and pressure changes which result in quiet expiration. Name the muscles involved (if any) in each process. |
Quiet expiration
= passive process where no muscles are contracting. - decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity - increase in the pressure . - this causes air to pass from an area of high pressure inside to an area of lower pressure outside the body |
