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192 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The heart beats __________ times per day. |
100,000 |
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The heart pumps __________L per day. |
14,000L |
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The heart beats __________ times per lifetime. |
2.5 million times |
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Cardiology |
The study of the heart and associated diseases. |
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Size of Diaphragm |
- closed fist - 250-300g - 12x9x6cm |
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The heart lies in the ___________ on top of the __________. |
In the mediastinum, on top of the diaphragm. |
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Apex of Heart |
Tip of left ventricle (inferior/anterior). |
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Base of Heart |
Atria mostly left (posterior surface). |
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The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart. |
Pericardium |
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Two Main Parts of Pericardium |
1. Fibrous pericardium (outermost) 2. Serous pericardium (innermost) |
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The fibrous pericardium is made of... |
Tough inelastic, dense irregular connective tissue. |
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Function of Fibrous Pericardium
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- prevents overstretching of heart - provides protection - anchors heart in mediastinum |
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Two Layers of Serous Pericardium |
1. Parietal 2. Visceral (epicardium) |
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Layer fused to fibrous pericardium. |
Parietal layer. |
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Layer adhering to surface of heart. |
Visceral layer. |
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Serous fluid in between the parietal and visceral layers is called... |
Pericardial fluid. |
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Function of Pericardial Fluid |
Reduces friction. |
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The space in between the parietal and visceral layers is called the... |
Pericardial cavity. |
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The pericardial cavity contains approximately ________mL of serous fluid. |
15-30mL |
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Three Layers of Heart Wall |
1. Epicardium 2. Myocardium 3. Endocardium |
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The epicardium is also known as the... |
Visceral layer of serous pericardium. |
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Two Layers of Epicardium |
1. Outermost 2. Innermost |
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Visceral layer of serous pericardium, composed of mesothelium. |
Outermost |
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Fibrous-elastic tissue, adipose tissue and houses major coronary and cardiac vessels of the heart. |
Innermost |
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What does the epicardium contain? |
Blood vessels, lymphatics and vessels that supply myocardium. |
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The muscle of the heart. |
Myocardium |
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The myocardium makes up ____% of the heart. |
95% |
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The type of muscle in myocardium. |
Involuntary smooth muscle.
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Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle |
- less circular and short - can't be repaired - contains gap junction - allows for single/co-ordinated contraction as a whole unit |
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Smooth lining for chambers of heart and covers valves of heart, in contact with blood. |
Endocardium |
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The endocardium is made up of... |
A thin layer of endothelium overlying a thin layer of connective tissue. |
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Function of Endocardium |
Minimizes surface friction as blood passes through the heart. |
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The endocardium is continuous with... |
Endothelial lining of large blood vessels. |
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Four Chambers of Heart |
1. Right atrium 2. Right ventricle 3. Left atrium 4. Left ventricle |
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Filling chambers of the heart. Pumping chambers of the heart. |
Atria and ventricles. |
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Both atria have an _______ that increases capacity/size of each atria, allowing for expansion to hold more blood. |
Auricle |
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The right and left atrium are divided by the... |
Interatrial septum. |
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The right and left ventricles are divided by the... |
Interventricular septum. |
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The grooves on the surface of the heart containing blood vessels and fat, marking boundary between chambers of the heart. |
Sulci |
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Coronary Sulcus |
Boundary between superior atria and inferior ventricles. |
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Anterior Interventricular Sulcus |
Boundary between right and left ventricles (anterior). |
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Posterior Interventricular Sulcus |
Boundary between right and left ventricles (posterior). |
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The atria receive blood from... |
Veins |
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The ventricles receive blood from... |
Atria |
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The right atrium is approximately ___mm thick. |
2-3mm |
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The right atrium receives ___________ blood via ___ veins. |
Deoxygenated, 3. |
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The three veins feeding the right atrium... |
1. Superior vena cava 2. Inferior vena cava 3. Coronary sinus |
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Which vein drains blood from the upper body and head, entering the right atrium superiorly and laterally. |
Superior vena cava. |
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Which vein drains blood from the abdomen and lower extremities, entering the right atrium inferiorly and laterally. |
Inferior vena cava. |
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Collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from myocardium of heart. |
Coronary sinus. |
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The oval depression remnant of foramne ovale in the interatrial septum. |
Fossa ovalis. |
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Blood passes rom the right atrium to the right ventricle via the __________ (also known as the ________). |
Tricuspid valve, right atrioventricular valve. |
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Valves of the heart consist of ______________ covered by endocardium. |
Dense connective tissue. |
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The right ventricle is approximately ____mm thick. |
4-5mm |
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The right ventricle receives __________ blood from the right atrium through the __________ valve. |
Deoxygenated, tricuspid valve. |
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The cups of the tricuspid valve connect to tend-like cords called ___________ that are connected to __________. |
Chordae tendinae and papillary muscles. |
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Blood from the right ventricle passes through the _________ valve into a large artery called the ____________. |
Pulmonary valvue into pulmonary trunk. |
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The pulmonary trunk divides into the ___________ which carry blood to the _________. |
Pulmonary arteries to lungs. |
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The left atrium is approximately ____mm thick. |
2-3mm |
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The left atrium receives blood via... |
Four pulmonary veins. |
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Blood passes from the left atrium through which valve? (3 names) |
- bicuspid - mitral - left atrioventricular |
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Thickest chamber of heart. |
Left ventricle. |
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Thickness of left ventricle. |
10-15mm |
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Blood passes from the left ventricle though the ___________ and into the ______________. |
Aortic valve into ascending aorta. |
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Blood from the aorta passes through the _________ and then into the ______________. |
Aortic arch in descending aorta. |
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Atrioventricular Valves |
1. Tricuspid 2. Bicuspid |
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Three leaflets of tricuspid valve. |
- anterior - medial - posterior |
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Two leaflets of bicuspid valve. |
- anterior - posterior |
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The number of leaflets correspond to... |
The number of papillary muscles. |
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When ventricle is relaxed...
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- papillary muscles relax - chardae tendinae are slack - blood moves from high pressure in atria to low pressure in ventricle |
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When ventricle contracts... |
- pressure drives cusps of valves upward - papillary muscles contract - chordae tendinae pull/tighten |
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Semilunar Valves |
1. Aortic valve 2. Pulmonary valve |
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The aortic valve has ___ leaflets. |
3 |
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The pulmonary valve has ___ cusps. |
3 |
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The aortic valve is between the... |
Left ventricle and aorta. |
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The pulmonary valve is between the... |
Right ventricle and pulmonary trunk. |
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Function of Semilunar Valves |
- allow ejection of blood from heart into arteries - prevents backflow into ventricles |
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When ventricles contract... |
- pressure builds in chamber - semilunar valves open, permitting ejection of blood |
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When ventricles relax... |
Blood starts to flow back toward the heart. |
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Two Great Vessels |
1. Aorta 2. Pulmonary trunk |
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Three distinct sections of the aorta. |
1. Ascending aorta 2. Aortic arch 3. Descending/thoracic/abdominal aorta |
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Gives rise to the right and left coronary arteries tat feed blood to heart itself. |
Ascending aorta. |
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Supplies head, upper extremities with 3 main branches. |
Aortic arch. |
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Supplies chest, abdomen, pelvis, lower extremities with blood. |
Descending/thoracic/abdominal aorta. |
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Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs. |
Pulmonary trunk. |
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Three branches of aortic arch. |
1. Brachiocephalic artery 2. Left common carotid artery 3. Left subclavian artery |
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Two closed circuits of blood circulation. |
1. Systemic circulation 2. Pulmonary circulation |
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- left side of heart - bright red, oxygenated blood from lungs - left ventricle to aorta to organs - unloads oxygen, picks up carbon dioxide |
Systemic circulation. |
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In systemic circulation, capillaries feed _______ that carry the now __________ blood away from tissues and merge with systemic veins to carry the blood back to heart in ________. |
Venules, deoxygenated, right atrium. |
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- right side of heart - dark red, deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation - right atrium to ventricle to pulmonary trunk - unloads carbon dioxide, picks up oxygen |
Pulmonary circulation. |
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In pulmonary circulation, freshly _________ blood then flows into ________ and returns to the _________. |
Oxygenated, pulmonary veins, left atrium. |
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The network of blood vessels in the myocardium. |
Coronary circulation. |
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When the heart contracts, _______ blood flows in the coronary arteries because they are... |
Little blood, squeezed shut. |
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When the heart relaxes, the ______ pressure of blood in the aorta propels blood through these arteries into _______ and then into __________. |
High, capillaries, coronary veins. |
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The left coronary artery passes _________ to the left auricle and divides into __________ and ________ branches. |
Inferior, interventricular and circumflex. |
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The ___________ branch (or left anterior descending artery) is the anterior interventricular sulcus and supplies blood to walls of both _________. |
Anterior interventricular branch, ventricles. |
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The __________ branch lies in the coronary sulcus and distributes blood to walls of left ________ and _________. |
Circumflex branch, left ventricle and left atrium. |
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- supplies small branches to right atrium - inferior to auricle - divides posterior interventricular branch and marginal branches |
Right coronary artery. |
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The posterior interventricular branch follows the __________ and supplies _______. |
Posterior interventricular sulcus, two ventricles. |
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The marginal branch runs along the right margin of the heart and supplies myocardium of... |
Right ventricle. |
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After blood passes through arteries in coronary circulation, it flows into capillaries where it delivers ________ and picks up _________. Blood then moves into... |
Oxygen and carbon dioxide, coronary veins. |
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Most deoxygenated blood from ______ drains into vascular sinus in coronary sulcus called... |
Myocardium into coronary sinus.
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The coronary sinus is located in the _______ of the heart. It collects _________ blood and empties into _________. |
Posterior, deoxygenated, right atrium. |
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Anterior interventricular sulcus, draining the areas of heart supplied by left coronary vein. |
Great cardiac vein. |
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Posterior interventricular sulcus, draining areas suppied by posterior interventricular branch of right coronary artery. |
Middle cardiac vein. |
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In coronary sulcus, draining right atrium and right ventricle. |
Small cardiac vein. |
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Drain right ventricle and open directly into right atrium. |
Anterior cardiac veins. |
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Cardiac muscles connect with one another by... |
Intercalated discs. |
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Discs contain __________ that hold fibers together and __________ that allow action potentials to conduct from one muscle to another. |
Desmosomes and gap junctions. |
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Source of electrical activity that controls heart beating. |
Autorhythmic fibers. |
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Two important function of autorhythmic fibers. |
1. Act as a pacemaker 2. Form cardiac conduction system (provides path for cardiac excitation) |
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How do action potentials propogate through the conductive system? (5 steps) |
1. SA node in right atrial wall 2. AV node along atrial muscle fibers 3. AV bundle (bundle of His) in AV septum 4. Right and left bundle branches 5. Purkinje fibers |
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Random depolarization creates the... |
Pacemaker potential. |
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When pacemaker potential reaches threshold, it triggers... |
Action potential. |
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Action potential propogates through both _______ and they contract at the same time. |
Atria |
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______ beats per minute. |
70-90 |
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The AV node is located in the... |
Interatrial septum. |
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At the AV node, the action potential ___________, allowing time for the atria to... |
Slows down considerably, to empty their blood into ventricles.
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The only site where action potentials can conduct from atria to ventricles. |
AV bundle (bundle of His) in interventricular septum. |
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What extend through the interventricular septum towards the apex of the heart? |
Branches of the AV bundle. |
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Large diameter fibers rapidly conducting action potentials that begin at apex and move upward to remaining ventricular myocardium. |
Purkinje fibers. |
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When the action potential reaches the Purkinje fibers, the ventricles... |
Contract, pushing blood toward semilunar valves. |
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Five Main Types of Blood Vessels |
1. Arteries 2. Arterioles 3. Capillaries 4. Venules 5. Veins |
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Carry blood away from heart to other organs. Can be large, medium or small. |
Arteries |
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Small arteries. |
Arterioles |
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Allow exchange of substances between blood and tissue.
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Capillaries |
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Groups of capillaries reunite to form small veins. |
Venules
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Blood vessels that carry blood from tissues back to heart. |
Veins |
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Three layers that are potentially present in each type of vessel. |
1. Tunica interna 2. Tunica media 3. Tunica externa |
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Decrease in diameter of lumen of blood vessel. |
Vasoconstriction |
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Decrease in diameter, ________ blood pressure. |
Increases |
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Increase in diameter of lumen of blood vessel. |
Vasodilation |
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Vasodilation occurs as a result of... |
Decrease in sympathetic nerve stimulation or presence of chemicals (nitric oxide or lactic acid). |
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Two Types of Arteries |
1. Elastic arteries 2. Muscular arteries |
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Characteristics of Elastic Arteries |
- largest diameter - relatively thin walls - move blood to muscular arteries |
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Elastic arteries are also known as... |
Conducting arteries. |
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Elastic arteries propel blood onward when... |
Ventricles are relaxed and the elastic fibers recoil. |
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Examples of Elastic Arteries |
- aorta - pulmonary trunk - branches of aorta (brachiocephalic, subclavian, common carotid) - common iliac |
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Muscular arteries are also known as... |
Distributing arteries. |
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Muscular arteries are known as distributing arteries because they... |
Branch and ultimately distribute to various organs. |
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The tunica media of muscular arteries contain more _________ and fewer __________. |
More smooth muscle and fewer elastic fibers. |
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The vessel wall is larger, ___% of vessel diameter. |
25% |
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The large vessel wall allows for _____________ to adjust the rate of blood flow. |
Vasoconstriction or vasodilation. |
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Examples of Muscular Arteries |
- brachial artery
- radial artery |
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Arterioles are made of... |
A layer of endothelium covered by a few smooth muscle fibers. |
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A change in diameter of arterioles can significantly... |
Alter blood pressure. |
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Wall thickness of an arteriole is ___% of vessel diameter. |
50% |
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Arterioles are also known as... |
Resistance vessels. |
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Microcirculation |
Flow from metarteriole through capillaries and into post-capillary venule. |
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Tissues with _______ metabolic rates will have more capillaries. |
High |
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Capillaries have no ______ or ______, only one layer of _________. |
Tunica media or tunica externa, only endothelium. |
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Capillaries are also known as... |
Exchange vessels. |
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Venules and veins have thin walls that do not... |
Really keep their shape. |
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The ______ and _________ layers of venules are thinner than arteries. |
Middle and inner. |
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The lumen of a vein is ______ than an artery. |
Wider |
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Venules that receive blood from capillaries. |
Postcapillary venules. |
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Venules add layers as they move away from capillaries and become... |
Muscular venules. |
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Most extensible vessels in CV system. |
Muscular venules. |
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Structure of Veins |
- thin walls - tunica interna thinner - tunica media very thin - tunica externa thickest - lack internal and external elastic laminae - large lumen |
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Veins are not meant to withstand lots of... |
Pressure |
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Veins contain valves that... |
Prevent backflow of blood. |
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Blood Pressure |
Pressure on the walls of the vessel. |
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Blood flows from regions of _______ pressure to ________ pressure. |
High to low. |
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More pressure difference means... |
Greater flow. |
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Blood pressure is generated by... |
The contraction of the ventricles. |
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Measurement of BP |
mmHg (millimeters of mercury) |
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BP is highest in the... |
Aorta and large systemic arteries. |
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BP decreases as the distance from the... |
Left ventricle increases. |
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There's approximately ___L of blood in a normal adult. |
5L |
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If blood volume drops greater than ____%, blood pressure _________ with potentially life-threatening results. |
10%, drops. |
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If blood volume increases, blood pressure _______ (due to water retention). |
Increases |
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Blood Flow |
Volume of blood flowing through a tissue at a given time. |
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Pulse Pressure |
Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. |
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Normal Pulse Pressure |
40mmHg |
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Circulation Time |
Time it takes blood to pass from right atrium to the foot and back. |
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Normal Circulation Time |
1 minute |
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Systolic BP measures... |
Pressure in arteries when ventricles contract. |
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Diastolic BP measures... |
Pressure in arteries between heart beats (resting). |
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Normal BP (systolic/diastolic) |
120/80 |
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Vascular Resistance |
Opposition of blood flow due to friction between blood and vessel walls. |
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Increase in vascular resistance increases... |
Blood pressure. |
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Vascular resistance depends on three factors, which are... |
1. Size of lumen 2. Blood viscosity 3. Blood vessel length |
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What change in the three factors would increase vascular resistance?
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- smaller lumen
- more viscosity - longer blood vessel |
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Four Circulatory Routes |
1. Systemic circulation 2. Pulmonary circulation 3. Hepatic portal circulation 4. Fetal circulation |
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All systemic arteries branch from... |
Aorta |
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Aorta has four main branches... |
- ascending - arch - descending - abdominal |
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All systemic veins drain into... |
SVC, IVC, or coronary sinus and then empty into right atrium. |
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Pulmonary circulation entails... |
- deox blood returns to heart - pumped out of right ventricle to lungs - loses carbon dioxide, picks up oxygen - blood to left atrium |
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A vein that carries blood from one capillary network to another is called a... |
Portal vein. |
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The hepatic portal vein is formed by the... |
Splenic and superior mesenteric veins. |
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The hepatic portal vein receives blood form capillaries of _________ and delivers it to structures in the _________ called sinusoids. |
Digestive organs, liver. |
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Fetal circulation contains special structures that allow developing fetus to exchange materials with mother, which include? |
The placenta and umbilical cord. |
