Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does poor cardiac perfusion cause initially?
|
A change in mental status.
|
|
What is between the visceral and parietal layers and how much fluid does it hold?
|
The pericardial space. 5-20cc of fluid.
|
|
What is the fluid's purpose?
|
To lubricate, cushion, and protect.
|
|
How much filling occurs during diastole?
|
75%
|
|
What is refractoriness?
|
The inability to respond while in a state of contraction.
|
|
How does the cardiac conduction system work?
|
SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers.
|
|
What part of the stethoscope is for listening to high pitch sounds?
|
Diaphragm
|
|
What part of the stethoscope is for listening to low pitch sounds?
|
Bell
|
|
When does S3 occur? What's its sound?
|
Occurs early in diastole. The sound is low-pitched.
|
|
What causes this?
|
Third heart sound abnormal rapid expansion of the ventricular walls.
|
|
What occurs with S4?
|
This is the heart sound for abnormal resistance in the atria to filling. Causes hypertrophy.
|
|
How does contraction occur?
|
It occurs in response to the depolarization and diffusion of calcium.
|
|
What does cardiac output equal?
|
Stroke volume X HR
|
|
What is stroke volume?
|
The volume of blood ejected with each contraction of the left ventricle.
|
|
How is the cardiac index computed?
|
Cardiac output divided by the body surface area. Normally 2.5 - 4.0 liters per minute per meter square.
|
|
What is contractility?
|
The inherent ability to contract, vigor, and hypoxemia decrease contractility.
|
|
What biographical data influences cardiac problems?
|
Race and culture.
|
|
What are some risk factors?
|
Cocaine toxicity, emotional stress, and herbs.
|
|
What is significant in a patent's past medical history?
|
Childhood infectious diseases (rheumatic fever) and ETOH abuse. Causes CHF.
|
|
What physical symptom could indicate poor perfusion?
|
Pale shiny skin or red systemic edema.
|
|
What are cardiac disease symptoms?
|
cardiac ischemia, pump insufficiency, and rhythm disturbances.
|
|
What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?
|
Patient wakes up at night coughing, fluid pools, symptoms of CHF.
|
|
What is orthopnea?
|
Inability to breathe flat, increases the number of pillows the patient sleeps with. This happens quickly, unlike PND which can take a while.
|
|
What is the silent killer that accelerates CAD?
|
Hypertension. It weakens the left ventricle (because it makes the ventricle work harder).
|
|
What may vegetate valves?
|
Strep infections (rheumatic fever).
|
|
What can antipsychotic drugs cause?
|
Anemias and dysrhythmias.
|
|
What can cause digitalis toxicity?
|
Low K.
|
|
What effect can depression have on the body?
|
It has an adverse outcome on outcome in patients with cardiovascular disease.
|
|
What is a DASH diet?
|
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypotension
|
|
What 3 things must be done during a physical assessment?
|
Look, listen, and feel.
|
|
What is a long-term sign of COPD or hypoxia?
|
Clubbing of the fingers.
|
|
What are some of the most common problems with cardiac patients?
|
Inadequate circulatory volume, insufficient autonomic effect, and inadequate vasoconstrictor mechanisms.
|
|
What must always be reported to an MD?
|
Abnormal heart sounds, irregular HR, and palpitations.
|
|
Where can PMI be assessed?
|
Midclavicular, 4th or 5th intercoastal space.
|
|
What is an early neuro sign of cardiac problems?
|
Restlessness.
|
|
What can be heard in the lungs of a person with CHF?
|
Crackles at the bases.
|
|
In the renal system, what could indicate CHF?
|
Urine output; if the patient gains 3 or more pounds in 1 to 2 days.
|
|
What are the desired ranges for CR, Li, and Dig?
|
CR .5 - 1.2
Li .5 - 1.5 Dig .5 - 1.5 |
|
At what level should Troponin be?
|
Less than .3.
|
|
How long are Troponin levels useful for?
|
Within 1 to 2 hours of infarct.
|
|
What indicates renal function, depletes with diuretics, and elevated levels depress the heart?
|
K
|
|
What is the range for K?
|
3.5 to 5.0
|
|
What level of Mg is necessary for cardiac contraction?
|
2.0
|
|
What can appear prior to cardiac events?
|
C-Reactive protein
|
|
At what level is BUN normally?
|
less than 20
|
|
At what level is central venous pressure normally?
|
4 to 10 cms H20
|
|
What could an increase in CVP indicate?
|
Elevated with fluid overload, CHF. It's low when dehydrated.
|
|
What must be done prior to angiography?
|
Get informed consent, check allergies, and document pedal pulses.
|
|
What should be done post-op and what labs?
|
Bed rest for 8 to 12 hours, pressure bandage, straight leg, frequent VS, may use sandbags, encourage fluids. Check BUN, CR, CSM, pedal pulses.
|
|
What should be checked pre-op?
|
BUN and CR to assess renal function before test.
|
|
What should an EJ be?
|
Greater than 70%
|
|
What chemical is used for a stress test?
|
Persantine
|
|
What's the antidote?
|
IV aminophylline
|
|
How long do patients usually wear a halter monitor?
|
48 hours
|
|
What must a patient refrain from doing while wearing a halter monitor?
|
Don't get it wet. No showers!
|
|
What is electrophysiologic studies (EPS) and what is it used for?
|
Cardiac mapping. Used for A-fib and A-flutter.
|
|
What must be monitored during a transesophageal echocariography (TEE)?
|
The patient for aspiration.
|
|
Post-op, when can a patient eat?
|
When the gag reflex returns.
|
|
What level of lithium is considered toxic?
|
>2
|