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371 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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aorta
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main trunk of series of vessels convey oxygenated blood to tissues of body for nutrition
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inferior vena cava
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large vein ascending through abdomen enters heart
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left atrium
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upper right chamber of heart receieves oxygenated blood from lungs and pumps it to left ventricle then to body
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left ventricle
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left lower chanber of heart receives blood from left atruim pumps it under high pressure through aorta to body
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mitral valve
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valve in heart situated between left atruim and left ventricle permits blood to flow from left atruim into left ventricle but not vice versa
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pulmonary artery
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one of two vessels formed as terminal branches of pulmonary trunk convey unaerated blood to lungs
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pulmonary vein
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one of 4 vessels carry aerated blood from lungs to left atruim of heart only veins carry bright red oxygenated blood
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pulmonary valve
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one of 4 valves in heart pulmonary valve stands at opening from right ventricle in pulmonary artery trunk lets blood head to lungs keeps it from coming back into heart
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right atrium
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right upper chamber of heart receives deoxygenated blood from body throuogh vena cava pumps it to right ventricle
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right ventricle
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lower right chamber of heart receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium and pumps it low pressure into lungs via pulmonary artery
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septum
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dividing wall between right and left sides of heart
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superior vena cava
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large vein returns blood to heart from head neck and both upper limbs inferior vc returns blood to heart from lower part of body
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tricuspid valve
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one of four heart valves first one blood encounters enters heart betwwn right atruim and right ventricle allows blood from from atruim into ventricle
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cardiologist
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physician specializes in heart and vascular diseases
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pediatiric cardiologist
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specialist in heart and circulatory diseases in growing and developing individual
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interventional cardiologist
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special training in ednovascular treatment procedures inside the vessels
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what is the most common procedure an interventional cardiologist performs
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PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
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what is PTCA
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balloon angioplasty of coronary arteries using a catheter fitted with small balloon used to relieve a blockage in coronary artery
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what do they use now stents small thin tubular meshes support coronary artery and prolong its state of openness
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patency
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electrophysiologist
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experts on heart's electrical functions skilled cardiologists specific training diagnose treat cardiac arrhythmias
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specializes in operations of heart lungs and chest competence coronary artery bypass surgery valve replacemnent and/or repair heart transplants
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cardio-thoracic surgeon
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vascular surgeons
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treatment of arterial diseases conjunction with blood vessels of body arterial diseases of thoracic and abdomial aorta greater aorta smaller arteries femoral arteries on upper and lower leg also treat venous stystem varicose veins most frequent venous vasular intervention
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nuclear medicene specialist
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combo medicine and science knowledgeable in physics computing chemistry pharmacy
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perfusionist
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crucial during heart surgery
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dudring heart surgery heart is stopped and
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blood is diverted from heart and lungs to a machine acting as replacement for those vitalorgans
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perfusionist is responsible for
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running the machine during the operation observation of altered circulation assisting role other types of surgery blood conservation and blood products
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j
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j
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describing patient's mood and state of mind
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affect ****
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follow up is used as a
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noun ****
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spedcialist treatment of arterial diseases blood vessels
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vascular surgeon ****
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cursical during heart surgery running blood diverting epiqipment during op observation of altered circulation
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perfusionist *****
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vasovagal
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action of vagus nerve on blood vessels fainting *****
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heart
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hollow muscular organ size of fist located behind sternum above diaphragm between lungs
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what does the heart do
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maintains circulation supplying oxygen-rich blood to all part of body
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pericardium ****
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fluid filled sac
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where is pericardium
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surrounds heart attached to sternum diaphragm major blood vessels
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what are major blood vessels
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aorta vena cavae
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how many layers of heart wall
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3
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what are they
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epicardium
myocardium endocardium |
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describe epicardium ***
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outer layer protects heart
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myocardium ***
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muscular middle layer cardiac muscle for heart contracion
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endocardium ***
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inner layer covers heart valves
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purkinje fibers ***
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used in heart contraction
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what is the right and left side of the heart seperated
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septum
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each side has two what
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chambers atrium and ventricle
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upper atria are
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blood-receiving chambers
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lower ventricles are
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blood-pumping chambers
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veins
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carry blood to heart
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arteries
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carry blood away from heart
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right atrium
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recesives de-oxygeneated blood returning from body
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vena cavae
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two largest veins in body empty returning blood into right atruim
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superior vena cava
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breings blood from head neck and upper chest regions empties into right atruim
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inferior vena cava
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brings blood from lower body regions and empties into right atruim
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right vientricle receives
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de-oxygenated blood from right atrium PUMPS blood through pulmonary artery to lungs where blood absorbs oxygen
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pulmonary veins
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transport this now oxygen-righ blood from lungs sto left atruim
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left ventricle
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receives oxygen-rich blood from left atruim and PUMPS blood out through aorta
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aorta largest
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artey in body
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aorta
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distributes blood to all other arteries except pulmonary artery these arteries carry blood to all body regions
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heart valves
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strategically located keep blood fowing in one direction
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atrioventricular valves
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tricuspid valve
mitral valve(bicuspid valve) |
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tricuspid valve
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between right atrium and right ventricle
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mitral valve bicuspid valve
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betwiin left atrium left ventricle
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semilunar valves
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aortic valve pulmonary valve
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aortic valve
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betwiin left ventricle and aorta
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pulmonary valve
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between right ventricle and piulmonary artery
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how do valves open and close
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pressure changes within heart chambers
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contraction and relaxation of heart chambers controlled by
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cardiac conduction system
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Valves
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tricuspid valve
pulmonary valve mitral valve aortic valve |
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aortic valve is
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semi-lunar valve
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where
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root of aorta
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receives oxygenated blood from
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left ventricle
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to be pumped where
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rest of body
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what is attached to aortic root
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fibrous cusps
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the small space between attachments of each cusp called
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coomissure
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cardiac conduction
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electrical impulses generated by nodal tissue travel through heart wall causing myocardium to contract heart chambers in coordinated fashion
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sinoatrial node SA
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lies in upper right atrium fires electrical impulse travels through wall of atria signaling both atria to contract and push blood into ventricles
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impulse travels to atrioventricular node AV
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lies between atria and ventricdles AV node initially holds impulse for fraction of secdond allowing both atria to relax
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then sends impulse down the atrioventricular bundle Bundle of His
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branches into Purkinje fibers at bottom of ventricles
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Purkinje fibers
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sisgnal both ventricles to contwract and push blood out to olungs and to rest of body
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cardiac cycle
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events that occur when heart beats
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heart beats about
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60-=80 times per minute
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hormones body temp exercise influence
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rate heart beats
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normal heart beat
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atria contract at the same time that ventricles relax
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sinus rhythm
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sequence of contraction and relaxation of heart chambers
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systorle
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contracion of chambers
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diastole
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relaxation of chambers
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single heart beat consists
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one systole one diastole of atria
one systole and one diastole of ventricles |
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AV
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atrioventricular node
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SA
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sinoatrial nod
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cardiac conduction
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sinoatrial node
atrioventricular node atrioventricular bundle Purkinje fibers ******** |
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vascular system
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network of arteries veins and capillaries spread out from heart
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what is distributed by blood
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nitrients oxygen
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what is removed by blood
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waste matierial
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blood vessels
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circulate blood through body move blood in out of body tissues
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3 categories blood vessels
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capillaries
veins arteries |
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capillaries
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microscopic tubes form network beds throughout body connect with arterioles and venules
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aarterioles
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smallest arteries
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venules
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smallest veins
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walls of capillaries
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one-cell thick allows nutrients oxygen traveling in arteries pass through capillary walls and into body tissues
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waste material and carbon dioxide
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absorbed from body tissues into capillaries carried into veins for return to heart
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Veins
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return dolygenated blood to heart except pulmonary veins
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pulmonary veins
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carry oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
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deo.ygenated blood and wasste material
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into capillaries rfirst then into venules
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venules
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feed into larger veins merge into vena cavae
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vena cava
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direct blood back into heart
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walls of veins 3 layers
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layers thin collapse when empty
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most veins contain
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valves keep blood from flowing backward
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valves most numerous sin
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veins of extremities
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many veins pass through
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intenal organs where blood is cleaned before it realches heart
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kindeys
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filter out nitrogenous wastes
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spleen
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removes old red blood cells
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liver
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receives all veins from intestines and stomach
detoxifies blood before vena cavae returns it to heart for reocygenation |
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arteries
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move blood away from heart except for pumonary arteries
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pulmonary arteries
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carry deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
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arteries carry oxygentated blood from heart out
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through aorta
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aorta
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branches divides sinto many other arteries subdivide into arterioles terminate in capillaries throughout body tissues
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walls of arteries have 3 layers
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tough elastic outer coat
layer of muscular tissue thin inner coat |
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arterial walls expand and contract with
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each heartbeat pumping blood throughout body
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movement of pulsating blood
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pulse
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can be felt
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where large arteries are near surface of body
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unlike veins arteries have
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elastic in outer coat of walls ***
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kidneys spleen and _____ clean blood before returned to heart
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liver***
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malaise
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feeling tired***
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smalleset arteries
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arterioles***
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the____ return blood to heart for reoxygenation
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vena cavae***
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1 tab qid prn #30 means
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one tablet four times a day as needed - 30 pills***
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_____return deoxygentated blood to heart
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veins***
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_____carry blood away from heart
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arteries***
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smallest veins called
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venules***
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j
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j
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circulation
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blood vessssels together with heart pumps blood comprise circulatory system
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divided 3 parts
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pulmonary circ
coronary circ systemic circ |
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pulmonary circ
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movement of blood to and from lungs
blood fows from right atrium into right ventricle contracts force blood into lungs through pumlonary arteries** oxygenated blood returns to hear via pulmonary veins** pumnonary circ arteries carry deoxygenated blood veins carry oxygen-rich blood opposite**of normal circ where arteries carry oxygen-rich blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood |
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coronary circulation
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movement of blood frrom heart chambers to heart tissues
aorta rises from left ventricle two opening emerge lead to two coronary arteries** supply blood to heart itself coronary arteries arise within heart pass directly out to surface of heart extend down across it suppply blood to network of capillaries penetrate every portion of heart |
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capillaries part of coronary circ drain
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into two coronary veins*** empty into right atruim
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systemic circulation
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movement of blood to every part of body not covered by pulmonary and coronary circ
arteries extedn from aorta to form branches and sub-branches carry oxygen-rich blood to body aorta divided into sections according to location |
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ascending aorta
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ascends from left ventricle sits above heart
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aortic arch
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continuation of ascending aorta bends sharply and starts to descend
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descending aorta
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continuation of aortic arch
descends through two regions |
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2 regions of descending aorta
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thoracic aorta
abdominasl aorta |
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throacic aorta
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descending aorta in chest region
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abdominal aorta
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descending aorta in abdomen region
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veins throughout body return deoxygenated blood to heart through tow main veins empty directly into heart
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superior vena cava
inferior vena cava |
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j
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j
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j
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j
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coronary circ movement from heart
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chambers****
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arteries exted and branch from
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aorta****
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blood vessels involved in pulmonary circ are ___arteries and coronary circ
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pulmonary****
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the___aorta is located in chest and abdomen regions
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descending
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pulmonary circ____
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veins carry oxygen-rich blood
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veins
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carry doxygenated blood***
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pulmonary circ movement of blood to and from the
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Lungs***
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network of ____penetrates every portion of heart
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capillaries
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Venous blood returning to heart enters sthrough superior and inferior___cavae
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vena
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_____circ is movement of blood to every part of body not covered by pulmonary and coronary circ
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Systemic
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blood vessels involved in pulmonary circ are the ___arteries and coronary veins
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coronary****
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history and physical examination by practitioner is foundation of
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patient's workup
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exam followed by
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variety of tests including blood studies radiographs electrocardiography echocardiography invasive methods heart catheterization coronary arteriography
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importance in patient's historoy is
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presence of cardiac disease within immediate family parents granparents
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equal importance previous
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cardiac problems or various risk factors for heart disease
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these risk factors include
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hypertension rheumatic fever metabolic disorders smoking lipid disorders
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history and physical exam includes
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list of current medications list symptoms dyspnea shortness of breath tachpnea rapid breathing any breathing problem
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physical exam reveal l signs
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cyanosis of nail beds lips skin pallor daphoresis cervical jugular venous distention
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what may be palpated
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abnormal chest wall movement
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listening
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auscultation
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auscultation with stethoscope reveal
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murmurs clicks rubs gallops bruits
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rales
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crackling sounds
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rales at lung bases signifies
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fluid in air sacs congestive heart failure
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retinal exam reveal
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optic fundus mimic effect of blood vessel diswease A-V nicking widened luminous reflex tortuosity of arterioles hemorrahages or exudates
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physician check heart rate and rhythm normal rhythm
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normal sinus rhythm
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bradycardia
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slow pulse
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tachycardia
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fast pulse
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physicisan note ___made as heart pumps blood through many valves in heart
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sounds
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first and second heart sounds
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S1 S2
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S1 S2 refer to
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closing of mitral and tricuspid valves then aortic and pulmonary valves
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sometimes S3 may be
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heard
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abnormal sounds
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S4 murmur gallop or rub
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murmurs can be
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systolic or diastolic described according to loudness on grading scale of 1-6 also where murmer is best heard
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some sounds physician may hear listening to cdhest
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blowing bruits crescendo decrescendo diastole ejection click gallops grades1,2,3,4 murmur holsystolic midsystolic musical murmurs opeing snap pansystolic paradocic or fixed plitting ofS2 attenuated A2 fixed S2 pulmonary souds P1,P2 rasping rumbling systolic click thrills
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physician monitor patient's
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blood pressure
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blood pressure dictated as
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one number over another BP: 116/82
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physician exam extremities for
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piulses of arteries of feet dorsalis pedis femoral arteris of groin posterior tibial means lower extremity blood flow
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upper extremities
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brachial radial and ulnar arteries are peripheral vessels
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the ___may be felt pulsations sometimes are visualizsed in neck
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carotid pulses
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some things a physician might notice on extremity blood flow
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clubbing cyanosis erythema pitting edema positive Homan's sign pretibial edema pulses doralis pedis femoral popliteal posterior tibial radial ulnar and spooning of nails for few ex.
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BMI
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calculated ratio between weight and height correlates with body fat
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hight BMI greater
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risk develp additonal health problems BMI can be too low too
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structures of Heart
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LV
RV LA RA AO PA |
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foramen ovales
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oval opening between the two upper chambers of heart atria
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Homan's sign
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indicator deep venous thrombosis
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maximal impulse
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PMI point on chest where imnpulse of left vewntricle is felt most stronly ***
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heart murmurs graded on scale of
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1-6 ***
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another name for point of maximal impuse
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PMI ***
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first and second heart sounds
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S1 S2 ***
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another name for normal pulse is normal___rhythm
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sinus ***
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most common heart diseasew in western world
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Coronary artery disease CAD
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disorder of coronary arteries
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CAD
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CAD
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disorder of coronary arteries supply myocardium heart muscle with blood
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atherosclerosis
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cholesterl building up in vascular wall of coronary arteries
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if blood blow is restricted through atheroscleosis patients develp
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ischemic heart disease
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common causes of coronary artery disease
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stress smoking fat-rich diet obesity high blood pressure diabetes
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other causes of CAD
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genetic factors present in families
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as disease progresses blood fow to heart muscle
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further reduced patient suffer from chest pains
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chest pains called
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angina
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what happens when angina very painful and narrowing of arteries becomes severe
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blood flow is almost completely blocked heart attack may occur
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cardiomyopathy
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serious disease heart muscle becomes inflamed therefore dysfunctional
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cardiomyopathy
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have multiple causes including viral infections
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3 pricipal types cardiomyopathy
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dilated congesstive
hypertrophic restrictive |
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carditis
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inflammation of heart
card=heart itis=inflammation |
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endocarditis
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inflammation of the inner layer of heart
endo within |
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bacterial endocardits
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inflammation of inner layer of heart due to bacterial invasion
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myocarditis
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inflammation of cardiac muscle(myocardium) myo muscle card heart itis inflammation
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pericarditis
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inflammation of pericardium sac surroungs and protects heart
seen with viral infections common complication myocardial infarction postmyocardial infarction syndrome Dressler's syndrome post cadiotomy syndrome and chronic renal failure peri surrounding card heart itis inflammation |
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rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
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acute rheumatic fever systemic inflammatory disease of childhood
rheumatic heart disease complication of rheumatic fever |
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Janeway lesions
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Janeway lesions seen in people acute bacterial endocarditis flat painless red to bluish-red spots palms and soles
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heart valve disorders
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most common form of congenital congenital aortic valve diseases
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congenital aortic valve disease
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bicuspid aortic valve atrial and ventricular septal defects patent ductus arteriosus
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sess common more complex forms valve disorders
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tetralogy of Fallot
endocardial cushion defects persistent truncus arteriosis tricuspid atresia Ebstein's anomaly of tricuspid valve |
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Valvular heart disease
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valve has leakage insufficiency or is tight stenotic obstruction of flow another disorder
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mitral stenosis
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common complication rheumatic heart disease
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mitral insufficiency
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seen with mitral valve prolapse severe cardiomyopathies coronary heart disease rheumatic heart disease
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infective endocarditis
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cause disruption deformity perforation of any cardiac valves
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heart divided
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4 chambers
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upper chambers
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atria
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lower chambers
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ventricles
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heart muscle squeezes
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blood from chamber to chamber
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each squeeze
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valves open let blood through to next chamber
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valves close
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stop blood moving backward
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valves keep blood moving
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efficiently through heart out to body
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heart valve problems
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valve disease occurs when valve doesn't work way it should
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if valve doesn't open all the way
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less blood move through smaller opening
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If valve doesn't close tightly
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blood mapy leak backward
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these problems mean
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heart works harder pump same amount blood
blood may back up in lungs or body not moving efficiently through heart |
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problems opening
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stenosis
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stenosis
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valve may become hardened or stiff with calcium deposits or scarring hard to push open blood flows through smaller opening less blood gets through valve into next chamber
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problems closing
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Insufficiency
regurgitation |
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insufficiency
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when valve doesn't close tightly valve's supportive structures loose or torn valve stretched or thinned blood may leak back in wrong direction through valve
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aortic insufficiency
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heart valve disease aortic valve does not close tightly
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aortic stenosis
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narrowing or obstruction of heart's aortic valve
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heart murmur
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any sound of abnormal flow of blood in heart abnormal valves
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mitral insufficiency
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mitral regurgitation
abnortmal or incomplete closure of mitral valve causes blood flow backwards |
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mitral stenowis
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narrowing of mitral valve by vavular abnormaalities sfibrosis or calcification
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mitral valve prolapse
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MVP porlapse=falling down
abnormal closure of mitral valve with one or more leaflets proturding into left atrium |
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pulmonic valve stenosis
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condition usually present at birth congenital
outflow of blood from right ventricle lower chamber of heart is obstructed at level of pulmonic valve valve which separates heart from pulmonary artery |
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tricuspid insufficiency
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tricuspid regurgitation
abnormal incomplete closure of tricuspid valve causes blood fow backwards |
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tricuspid stenosis
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abnormal narrowing of tricuspid valve
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valvulitis
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valvul=valve+itis+inflammation
Inflammation of valves of heart*** |
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MI heart attack
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Myocardial infarction coronary arterie(s) occluded closed off death to myocardial tissues
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complication of coronary heart disease
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unstable angina
ulcerative plaque at surface of coronary artery implicated partially or fully obstrictive trhombus may occur |
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percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
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PTCA
invasiove tech relief coronary artery stenosis obstruction |
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severe infaction produce
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cardiogenic shock pulmonary edema
intra-aortic balloon aug of heart output as well cardiotonic agents dobutamine dopamine diuretics |
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a loss rhythmos rhythm loss of rhythm greek
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ARRHYTHMIAS also called dysrhythmia
they are irregular heartbeats lolss of normal rhythm of heart beat due abnormal electrsical conduction |
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Asinus rhythm normal state
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normal heart beat
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arrhythmic heart
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bradycardia or flutter tachycardia
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irrugularl arrhythmia
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sinus arrhythmia sick sinus syndrome fibrillation heart block
contract abnormal sequence premature atrial contrations/ventricular complexes |
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arrhythmia
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heart pumpl sess effectively impairing normal blood circ good oxygenatio of body cells
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bradycardia
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fatigue dizzinesss light-headedness dizzy spells fainting or near-fainting
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bradycardia corrected by
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implantation electronic pacemaker under skin connectoed to heart electrical wires
elec pacemak takes over from failing sinus node programmed sen electrical signal heart muscle regular interval restore normal heart beat |
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supraventricular tachycardia
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atrial tachycardia umbrella term describes family rhythm disorder affecting atria of heart unnatrual acceleration oh heart beat
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sinus tachycardia
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disorder sinus node sends out electrical signals faster than usual speeding up heart rate
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supraventricular tachycardia SVT paoxysmal atrial tachycardia PAT
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series of early beats in atria speed up heart rate
In PAT repeated period very fast heart beats begin and end suddenly |
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atrial flutter
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sinus node fires electrical signs rapid sequence muscles of atria contract quickly very fast steady heartbeat
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atrial fibrillation
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very fast uncontrolled firing electrical signals in atria signals arrive in ventricles in irregular fashion
heart does not beat reg |
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Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
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abnormal pathway between atria and ventricles allow electrical signals arrive in ventricles too soon transmitted back into atria
very fast heart rates develop as selectrical sigs loop between atria and ventricles |
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ventricular tachycardia
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abnormal electrical sigs arise from ventricles
cause heart too fast symptoms palpitation feeling beats too fast and/or erratically dizziness light-headedness fainting near-fainting |
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rapid heart beating sometimes controlled by
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medication
cause needs to be identified and destroyed |
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transcather ablation technique
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electrophysiologis interventional cardiologist threads special catheter ablation catheter fitted with electrodes in heart reconrd electrical activity different points on heart wall burns defective area triggering electrical curren
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ventricular fib
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caused very fast uncontrolled elecdtrival sigs
arise in ventricles make heart quiver rather than beat collapse sudden death follow iunless medical help is at hand |
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temp treatment arrhytmia
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valsalva maneuver
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person tries sexhale forcibly with closed glottis windpipe no air exits through jmouth or nose
strenous couoghing staining during bowel movement lifting heavy wight |
valsalva maneuver
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valsalva maneuver impedes
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return of venous blood to heart occasionally corrects the arrhythmia
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when blood flow and oxygen supply to heart muscle is reduced
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heart attack can occur
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impaired oxygen to extremeties lead to
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gangrene
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insufficient oxygen supply to brain leads
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to stroke
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presence of plaque inside artery
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decreases diamater and damount of blood and oxygen passing through
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j
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h
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asystole
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no atrial or ventricular rate or rhythm
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bradycardia
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under 60 beats per minute
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flutter
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atrial flutter contractions rapid and regular
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fibrillation
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rapid random ineffective
atrial fib AF ventricular fib V-fib |
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palpitaion
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pounding heartbeat irregular rhythm
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premature atrial contraction
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PAC premature atrial complexes
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premature ventricular contraction
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PVC premature ventricular complexes
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sinoatrial arrest or block
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SA arrest sinus arrest
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tacycardia
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abnormally fast over 100 bpm
paroxysmal tachycardia fast hb sudden onset paroxysm sudden convulsion seizure spasm |
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common blood vessel conditions
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angitis vasculitis inflammation of blood or lymph vessel
hypoperfusion decreased blood flow through organ perfusion blood flow through an organ |
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athereosclerosis
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narrowing of artereies deposit fatty substances
cholesterol cellular wastew products calcium and fibrin inner lining arterial walls |
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plaque
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build-up athereosclerosis
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affects coronary arteries
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atherosclerosis
severe form completely occludes coronary arteries result heart attack |
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triggers atherosclerosis
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plaque formation unknown but think innermost layer of arterial wall endothelium becomes damaged
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possible causes of endothelial damage
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elevated levels cholesterol triglyceride in blood
hiogh blood pressure cigarette smoking aggravates speeds up plaque formation in coronary arteries aorta andarteries of legs |
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angina
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pain or discomfort in chest or adjacent areas caused by insufficient blood flow to heaert muscle
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chesst pain relieved by
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rest or meds within short period usually 15minutes
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chest pains longer duration or pain appearing with lower level of effort even at rest shoudl be
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considered unstable angina
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CAD
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blockages in coronary arteries
plaques prevent adequate amount of blood from reaching heart muscle |
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situations require increased blood flow to heart may cause angina in people with
CAD |
includes exercise heavy meals and stress
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aneurysm
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balloon-like bulges in blood vessel
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cerebral aneurysm arteries supply blood
aortic aneurysm pressure blood weak blood vessesl bulge thin-skinned blister |
types of aneuryms
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Happen?
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aterosclerosis
plaque high blood pressure smoking deep wounds injuries infections |
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marfan syndrome
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congenital condition connectivew tissuelong bones flexible joints
aneurysms |
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detected?
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pE
basic chest or stomach X-rayi ultrasound echocardiography radiological imaging (arteriographjy mRI Ct |
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Treated\
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ascending aorta upper chest
surgery right away lower or below stomach descending and abdominal portions watched 5 cm surgery |
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smaller or stable aneurysms
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descending or abdomial aorta check-ups
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may live with aneurysms for
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years
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medicine
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lowers blood pressure beta blocker
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medicine relieves
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stess on aortic walls
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medicine lower blood pressure especially useful for
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patients were risk of surgery may be greater than risk of aneurysm
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anemia
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red blood count hemoglobin lower than usual
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hemoglobin
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protein in blood contains iron
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symptoms anemia
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tiredness pallor fatique palpitations shortness of breath
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causes of anemia
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acute sudden blood loss B12 deficiency certain cancers chemotherapy GI bleeding kidney failure heredetary disorders
Women due to menses iron deficiency common |
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cholesterol
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soft waxy substance present in all body and nervous system skin muscle liver intestines and heart
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made by
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body obtained from animal products in diet
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liver removes
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cholesterol from blood
manufactures and secretes back into blood circ |
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symptoms cholesterol
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none
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excess cholesterol in blood
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get deposited onto arterial walls causing thick hard substance cholesterol plaque
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when coronary artereies clogged by this plaque
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cannot supply heart muscle with necessary blood and oxygen
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symptoms
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chest pain
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chest pain called
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atherosclerotic heart disease
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complete blocking of artery
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cause death
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hypertension
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high blood pressure exceeding 140/90 mmHg
or systolic pressureabove 140 with diastolic pressure above 90 or |
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chronic hypertension called
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silent condition
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cause hypertension
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none
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untreated hypertension
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cause blood vessel changes in back of eye retina
abnormal thickening of heart muscle kidney failure brain damage |
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hypertension treated with
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regular exercise weight reduction salt/diet restriction
meds |
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different types hypertension
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essential hypertension
idiopathic hypertension malignant hypertension secondary hypertension hypertension fromrenal disease or other identifiable cause white coat hypertension soleoly from nervousness being near treating practioner |
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congenital heart disease (disorders)
CHD |
umbrella term abnormality of heart present at birth 1% all children
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causes CHD
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hereditary factors viral infection like German Measles during pregnancy Down's syndrome drugs otc's increase risk of baby with CHD
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hole in septum wall separates right and left sides of heart
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defects allow blood to flow between rioght and left chambers
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2 most common types septal defects
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Atrial Septal Defect ASD
Ventricular Septal Defect VSD 2 variations Eisenmenger's Complex atrioventricular Canal Defect |
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Eiosenmenger's Complex
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ventricular septal defect coupled with pulmonary high blood pressure blood flows from right side of heart to left
rioght to left shunt |
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atrioventricular A-V Canal Defect
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septal defect right and left sides of heart where atria and ventricles meet hole in septum large involves both Aand V
tricupid and mitral valves not formed individually, fused |
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in babies with A-V
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fused valve does not close properly
blood leaks back ward from V to A leak called regurgitation or insiufficiency affects right side left side or both sides of heart forces to pump more straining leading to cardiac hypertrophy heart enlargement |
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Atrial septal defect ASD
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congenital defect septum between 2 Atria open
oxygen+ blood from left A returns to right A |
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Ventricular septal defect V.S.D.
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Hole in heart most common often heals spontaneously
congenital two V communicate through hole oxygenated blood pumped by left V flows to lright V |
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tetralogy of Fallot
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Etienne fallot combination of defects
ventricular septal defect blood right v to left v no lungs stenosis narrowing beneath pulmonary valve blocks flow blood from right V to lungs hypertrophied right V wall of V is thicker than normal abnormal position of aorta sitting astride the v septal |
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obstruction to blood flow into lungs created by
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pulmonary stenosis blood diverted through VSDto left V and aorta flow in lung circ reduced cyanosis
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Transpostition of great arteries
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congenital positions of pulmonary artery and aorta reversed
aorta connected to right ventricle blue blood returns to heart flows right A to right V pumped to body through aorta no lungs |
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babioes with TGA
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extrememly cyanotic procedure balloon atrial septostomy make a hole in A septum improves body's oxygen
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coarctation of aorta
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narrowing of aorta
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patent ductus arteriosus
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condition temporary blood vessel near fetus's heart ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth as supposed to
patent=open |
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cardiac tumors
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2 categories benign malignant
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tumors of heart can be
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myocardial muscle
endocardial inside heart epicardial outsid wall |
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benign tumors
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most
myxoma most common |
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myxoma
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most common
tumors beginnign in wall dividing ventricles spreading to A often followed by arrhythmias heart failure apreading of metastasis curable by surgical removal |
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right atrial myxoma symptoms
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chest pain tightness
prominent veins in neck swelling of hands and fet swelling of abdomen shortness of breath fainting dizziness palpitations |
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left atrial myxoma symptoms
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chest pain tieghtness
shortness of breath dizziness fainting palpitaitions |
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both have
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ccough fever nocturia urinate at night weight and vision loss pain in joints bluish color fingers
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rhabdomyoma
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20% all cardiac tumors most common primary pediatiric cardiac tumor no symptoms
produce obstruction to blood flow murmur arrhythmia heart failure fetal hydrops less than 4 years spontaneous tumor regression can |
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fibroma
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benign congential disease young children one third under 6 less common than rhabdomyomas
occur on valve tissue inflammation |
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papillary fibroelastoma
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lesioins affect cardiac valves rare but second most common benign cardiac tumor found at autopsy cardiac surgery or cardiac catheterization chest pain stroke breathing difficulties syspnea sudden death artery occlusion surgery
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hemangioma
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rare arise from righ atrium no symptoms skin hemangiomas surgery
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lipoma
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rare any age adults surgery tumors in heart may not
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lymphoma cardiac
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rare heart or pericardium no extracardiac lymphoma prognosis is poor
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teratoma
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benign solitary lesions
infants children arise from base of heart near origin of great vessels treatment surgery good prognosis |
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j
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j
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most common cardiac tumors
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myxoma***
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myxomas beginning in wall dividing the
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ventricles ***
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rhabdomyomas represent
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20%***
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cardiac fibroma benign under age of
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6****
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papillary firoelastoma benign lesions affect cadiac
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valves***
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cardiac hemangiomas rare arise from right
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atruim ***
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cardiac lipomas very
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rare**
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cardiac lymphoma tumors involve only heart or
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pericardium***
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malignant cardiac tumors
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25% mostly adults any heart tissues rapid ddeterioration may metastasis to spine
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cardiac sarcoma
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30% angiosarcomas
others rhabdomyosarcomas liposarcomas osteosarcoma leiomyosarcoma synovial sarcoma fibrosarcom mainly in right atrium mid-adulthood result of distant metastasis poor prognosis |
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angiosarcoma
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most common malignant 20-50 years right atrium 80% poor prog spreading of metastases to lungs
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rhabdomyosarcoma
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most common in children more in males
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pulse points felt artery near skin over hard structure most common
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radial wrist
temporal temple carotid neck femoral groin brachial inner elbow dorsalis pedis foot |
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During pe physician checks pulses bilaterally evaluate rate equality and uality on sclae of 0-+4 bounding
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carotid and precordium inspected visually and listened to for thrills fine vibs irregular blood flow murmurs or bruits
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pulse amplitude scale
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0-pulse not palpable
+1pulse weak difficult to find fade in and out or disappear +2pulse constant not strong +3pulse considered normal easily palpable +4pulse strong and bounding |
