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176 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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valve that lies between the right atrium and the right ventricle
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tricuspid valve
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smallest blood vessel
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capillary
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carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
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pulmonary vein
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largest artery in the body
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aorta
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carries oxygen-poor blood into the heart from the upper parts of the body
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superior vena cava
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upper chamber of the heart
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atrium
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carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs from the heart
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pulmonary artery
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small artery
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arteriole
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valve that lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle
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mitral valve
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brings blood from the lower half of the body to the heart
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inferior vena cava
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a small vein
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venule
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lower chamber of the heart
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ventricle
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TRACE the path of the blood through the heart: Begin as the blood enters the right atrium from the venae cavae. Include the valves of the heart.
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1) right atrium 2) tricuspid valve 3) right ventricle 4) pulmonary valve 5) pulmonary artery oxygen-poor blood 6)capillaries of the lung 7) pulmonary vein 8) left atrium 9) mitral valve 10) left ventricle 11) aortic valve 12) aorta – oxygen-rich blood to head and body
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pacemaker of the heart
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sinoatrial (SA) node
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sac-like membrane surrounding the heart
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pericardium
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wall of the heart between the right and the left atria
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interatrial septum
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relaxation phase of the heart beat
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diastole
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specialized conductive tissue in the wall between the ventricles
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atrioventricular bundle (or bundle of His)
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inner lining of the heart
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endocardium
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contractive phase of the heartbeat
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systole
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a gas released as a metabolic product of catabolism
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carbon dioxide (CO2)
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specialized conductive tissue at the base of the wall between the two upper heart chambers
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atrioventricular (AV) node
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inner lining of the pericardium, adhering to the outside of the heart
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visceral pericardium (outer lining is the parietal pericardium)
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abnormal heart sound caused by improper closure of heart valves
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murmur
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beat of the heart as felt through the walls of arteries
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pulse
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hardening of the arteries
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arteriosclerosis
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disease condition of the heart muscle
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cardiomyopathy
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enlargement of the heart
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cardiomegaly
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inflammation of a vein
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phlebitis
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condition of rapid heartbeat
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tachycardia
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condition of slow heartbeat
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bradycardia
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high levels of cholesterol in the blood
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hypercholesterolemia
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surgical repair of a valve
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valvuloplasty
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condition of deficient oxygen
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hypoxia
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pertaining to an upper heart chamber
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atrial
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narrowing of the mitral valve
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mitral stenosis
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breakdown of a clot
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thrombolysis
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bluish discoloration of the skin owing to deficient O2 in blood
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cyanosis
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incision of a vein
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phlebotomy
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new connection of arteries
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arterial anastomosis
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suturing (repair) of an aneurysm
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aneurysmorrhaphy
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mass of yellowish plaque (fatty substance)
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atheroma
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abnormal heart rhythm
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arrhythmia
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instrument to measure blood pressure
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sphygmomanometer
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instrument to listen to sounds within the chest
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stethoscope
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inflammation of the mitral valve
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mitral valvulitis
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hardening of the arteries with a yellowish, fatty substance (plaque)
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atherosclerosis
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narrowing of a vessel
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vasoconstriction
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widening of a vessel
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vasodilation
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inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
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endocarditis
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rapid but regular atrial or ventricular contractions
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flutter
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small hole between the upper heart chambers – congenital anomaly
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atrial septal defect
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improper closure of the valve between the left atrium and ventricle during systole
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mitral valve prolapse
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blockage of the arteries surrounding the heart leading to ischemia
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coronary artery disease
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high blood pressure affecting the heart
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hypertensive heart disease
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rapid, random, ineffectual, and irregular contractions of the heart
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fibrillation
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inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart
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pericarditis
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inability of the heart to pump its required amount of blood
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congestive heart failure
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congenital malformation involving four separate heart defects
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tetralogy of Fallot
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congenital narrowing of the large artery leading from the heart
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coarctation of aorta
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a small duct between the aorta and the pulmonary artery, which normally closes soon after birth, remains open
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patent ductus arteriosus
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failure of proper conduction of impulses through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle
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heart block
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sudden stoppage of heart movement
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cardiac arrest
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uncomfortable sensations in the chest associated with arrhythmias
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palpitations
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battery-operated device placed in chest and wired to send electrical current to heart to establish a normal rhythm
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artificial cardiac pacemaker
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blockage of a vessel by a clot
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thrombotic occlusion
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chest pain resulting from insufficient O2 being supplied to muscle
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angina pectoris
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area of necrosis in heart muscle - heart attack
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myocardial infarction
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death of tissues due to deprivation of O2
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necrosis
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tissue that dies because of deprivation of O2
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infarction
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blood is held back from an area of the body
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ischemia
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nitrate drug for treatment of angina pectoris
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nitroglycerin
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drug that increases the strength and regularity of heartbeat
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digoxin
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abnormal sound heard on auscultation
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bruit
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vibration felt on palpation of chest
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thrill
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lesions that form on heart valves after damage by infection
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vegetations
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clots that travel to and suddenly block a blood vessel
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emboli
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small, pinpoint hemorrhages
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petechiae
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an extra heart sound, heard between normal beats and caused by a valvular defect or condition that disrupts the smooth flow of blood through the heart
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murmur
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listening with a stethoscope
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auscultation
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heart disease caused by rheumatic fever
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rheumatic heart disease
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high blood pressure in arteries when the etiology is idiopathic
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essential hypertension
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high blood pressure related to kidney disease
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secondary hypertension
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short episodes of pallor and numbness in fingers and toes due to a temporary constriction of arterioles in the skin
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Raynaud phenomenon
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local widening of an artery
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aneurysm
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pain, tension, and weakness in a limb after walking has begun
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claudication
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blockage of arteries in the lower extremities – etiology is atherosclerosis
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peripheral vascular disease
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three types of drugs used to treat angina
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nitrates, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers
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damaged valves in veins fail to prevent the backflow of blood
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varicose veins
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twisted, swollen veins in the region of the anus
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hemorrhoids
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four defects in the tetralogy of Fallot
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1) pulmonary artery stenosis 2) ventricular septal defect 3) shift of aorta to right 4) hypertrophy of the right ventricle
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excessive development of the wall of the right lower heart chamber
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hypertrophy of the right ventricle
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surgical removal of the innermost lining of an artery when it is thickened with fatty deposits
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endarterectomy
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very brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop a cardiac arrhythmia (defibrillation)
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cardioversion
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measurement of levels of fatty substances (cholesterol and triglycerides) in the bloodstream
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lipid test
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measurement of the heart’s response to physical exertion (patient is monitored while jogging on a treadmill)
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cardiac stress test
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blood measurement of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and acetate dehydrogenase (LDH) after myocardial infarction
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serum enzyme test
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contrast material is injected into vessels and x-ray films are produced – arteriography
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angiography
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process of recording the electricity in the heart
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electrocardiogram
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a radioactive substance is injected intravenously, and its accumulation in heart muscle is measured with a special detection device
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cardiac scan
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pulses of high-frequency sound waves are transmitted into the chest, and echoes are electronically recorded to show the structure and movement of the heart
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echocardiography
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process of physically separating HDL, VLDL, and LDL from a blood sample
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lipoprotein electrophoresis
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vessel grafts are anastomosed to existing coronary arteries to keep the myocardium supplied with oxygenated blood
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coronary bypass surgery
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magnetic waves are beamed at the heart, and an image is produced to show the structure of the heart
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cardiac MRI
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video equipment and a computer produce x-ray pictures of blood vessels by taking 2 pictures (without and with contrast) and subtracting the first image (without contrast) from the second
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digital subtraction angiography
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donor heart is transferred to a recipient
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heart transplantation
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a catheter is threaded into a coronary artery, and a balloon is inflated that compresses the fatty deposits and opens the artery so that more blood can pass through – percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
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balloon angioplasty
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instrument that focuses sound waves on a blood vessel to measure blood flow
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Doppler ultrasound
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a compact version of an electrocardiograph is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias
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Holter monitoring
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treatment with drugs (streptokinase and tPA) to dissolve clots after a heart attack
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thrombolytic therapy
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a heart-lung machine is used to divert blood from the heart and lungs during surgery, with the machine oxygenating the blood and sending it back into the bloodstream
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extracorporeal circulation
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a catheter (tube) is inserted into an artery or vein and threaded into the heart chambers. Dye can be injected to take x-ray pictures, patterns of blood flow can be detected, and blood pressures can be measured
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cardiac catheterization
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AF
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atrial fibrillation
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VT
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ventricular tachycardia
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VFib
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ventricular fibrillation
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PVC
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premature ventricular contractions
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PAC
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premature atrial contractions
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CHF
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congestive heart failure
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VSD
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ventricular septal defect
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MI
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myocardial infarction
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PDA
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patent ductus arteriosus
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MVP
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mitral valve prolapse
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AS
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aortic stenosis
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CAD
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coronary artery disease
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ASD
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atrial septal defect
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a laser makes a hole in heart muscle to induce growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis)
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TMLR – transmyocardial laser revascularization
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a booster pump implanted in the abdomen with a cannula leading to the heart is a “bridge to transplant”
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LVAD - left ventricular assist device
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ultrasound images of the heart are taken through the esophagus
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TEE – transesophageal echocardiogram
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a new device to sense arrhythmias and give shocks that correct them can be implanted in the chest
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AICD – automatic implantable cardioverter/defibrillator
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a catheter, placed in blood vessels leading up against the heart muscle, delivers a high-frequency current to burn a small portion of the heart muscle, which reverses an abnormal heart rhythm
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RFA – radiofrequency catheter ablation
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this procedure determines the heart’s response to physical exertion (stress)
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ETT – exercise tolerance test
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high-frequency sound waves are pulsed through the chest wall and bounce off heart structures, creating an image of heart structure
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ECHO – echocardiography
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a radioactive test of heart function
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MUGA – multiple-gated acquisition scan
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pertaining to the heart
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coronary
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not a normal heart rhythm
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arrhythmia
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widening of a vessel
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vasodilation
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incision of a heart valve
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valvotomy
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removal of a clot that has traveled into a blood vessel and suddenly caused occlusion
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embolectomy
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surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pericardial space
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pericardiocentesis
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percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
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PTCA
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removal of the inner lining of an artery to make it wider
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endarterectomy
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suture of a ballooned-out portion of an artery
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aneurysmorrhaphy
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removal of plaque from an artery
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atherectomy
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coronary bypass surgery (to relieve ischemia)
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CABG
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transcribe standard bipolar leads?
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use Roman numerals (lead I, lead II, etc.)
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transcribe augmented limb leads?
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aVR, aVL, aVF
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transcribe precordial leads?
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V1, V2 through V9
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transcribe right precordial leads?
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V3R, V4R, etc.
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transribe Ensiform cartilage lead?
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VE
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transcribe third interspace leads?
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3V1, 3V2, 3V3, etc.
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transcribe esophageal leads?
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E15, E24, E50, etc.
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transcribe sequential leads?
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leads V1 through V5 (NOT V1 though 5 or V1-V5 or V1-5)
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transcribe tracing terms?
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Q wave or q wave; QS wave or qs wave; no hyphen between letter and "wave" except when used as an adjective
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transcribe "R prime"?
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R' wave or r' wave; also S' wave or s' wave
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transcribe QRS axis?
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use a plus or minus sign followed by arabic numeral
(QRS +60 degrees) |
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transcribe "STT wave abnormality"
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ST and T-wave abnormality
or ST-T-wave abnormality |
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transcribe first through fourth heart sounds
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S1, S2, S3, S4
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transcribe aortic valve component
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A2
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transcribe mitral valve component
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M1
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transcribe pulmonic valve component
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P2
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transcribe tricuspid valve component?
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T1
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transcribe "grade two six systolic murmer"
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grade 2/6 systolic murmur
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dictated "grade 4 and a half over 6 murmur"
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grade 4.5 over 6 murmur
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dictated "grade 4 to 5 over 6 murmur"
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grade 4 to 5 over 6 murmur
OR grade 4/6 to 5/6 murmur |
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dictated "to-and-fro SDM
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transcribed "to-and-fro systolic-diastolic murmur"
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TIMI
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stands for "thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (grades 1 to 3) Ex: The patient had TIMI grade 3 flow at 90 minutes following thrombolytic therapy.
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dictated respirations: "18 bpm"or "21 rpm"
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SPELL OUT: Respirations: 18 breaths per minute and 21 respirations per minute or Respirations: 21/min
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secondary symbols used in pulmonary and respiratory terminology for gas phase?
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first terms of an expression-
A is alveolar B is barometric E is expired I is inspired L is lung T is tidal |
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primary symbols used in pulmonary and respiratory terminolgy?
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C is blood gas concentration
P or p is pressure or partial pressure Q is volume of blood V is volume of gas D is diffusing capacity R is gass exchange ratio |
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secondary symbols for blood phase in pulmonary and respiratory terminology?
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lower case letters:
b is for blood a is for arterial c is for capillary v is for venous |
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gas abbreviations (usually the last element of the term used in pulmonary and respiratory termonolgy)
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CO2; O2; N2; CO
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dictated "partial pressure of carbon dioxide"
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transcribed pCO2
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dictated "partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide"
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transcribed PaCO2
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dictated "partial pressure of oxygen"
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dictated pO2
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dictated "partial pressure of oxygen"
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transcribed PaO2
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dictated "ventilation-perfusion ratio"
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V/Q
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