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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Location of MV
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Left 4th rib
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Location of TV
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Right 6th rib
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Location of PV
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Left 3rd rib
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Location of AV
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Right 3rd IC space
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MV is heard here
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Left 5th IC (lateral)
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TV is heard here
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Lower left sternal border
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PV is heard here
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2nd-3rd left IC space
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AV is heard here
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2nd-3rd right IC space
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s1 sound
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MV or TV closing
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s2 sound
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PV or AV closing
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Sound heard when rush of blood when MV opens
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S3
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blood forcibly hitting non-compliant ventricular wall makes this sound
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S4
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heard when AV opens
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Ej sound
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heard when MV opens
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OS
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heard when MV prolapses
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Click
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normal pressure in the aorta
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120/80
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normal pressure in the PA
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25/10
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normal pressure in the RA
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0-4
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normal pressure in the LV
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120/10
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normal pressure in the RV
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25/4
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normal pressure in the LA
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8-10
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CO . SVR
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BP
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Volume of blood pumped/time
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CO
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Volume of blood pumped/heart beat
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Stroke volume
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Number of heart beats/min
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HR
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Resistance to flow of blood exerted
by the vascular bed |
SVR
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SV . HR
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CO
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CO/BSA
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Cardiac index
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Three determinants of cardiac workload
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Contractility
Heart rate Wall tension |
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Fraction of blood in LV at the end of ventricular diastole
that is pumped from the heart during ventricular systole |
Ejection fraction
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Improves heart muscle contracting ability
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Positive inotrope
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Disrupts heart muscle contracting ability
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Negative inotrope
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Examples: Beta-blockers, Calcium channel blockers, Disopyramide
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Negative inotrope
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Examples: Digoxin, Dobutamine
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Positive inotrope
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At rest, the __ system predominates the SA node
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parasympathetic
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decreases heart rate & induces vasodilation
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Stimulating baroreceptors
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Platelets are produced within
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bone marrow
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Immature platelets
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megakaryocytes
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Platelet lifespan
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8-12 days
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Platelets are removed by
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the spleen
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Synthesis controlled by thrombopoietin
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Platelets
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Triggered by endothelial damage
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Platelet adhesion
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Results from plaque rupture
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ACS (acute coronary syndrome)
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Troponin -
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unstable angina
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Troponin +
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NSTEMI
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During pregnancy, CO __ and hematocrit __
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increases, decreases
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PP (pulse pressure)
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SP – DP
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Normal PP
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30-40 mg Hg
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↓SV ↑SVR
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small, weak pulse
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CHF
Hypovolemia Severe AS Constrictive pericardial disease |
↓SV
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severe cold exposure
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↑SVR
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↓Ao Compliance could be caused by
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aging, atherosclerosis
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Bisferiens pulse is seen with
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AR
Hypertrophic CMP |
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Pulsus alternans is seen with
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CHF
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Bigeminal pulse is seen with
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Premature contractions
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Type of pulse observed with: Severe asthma attack
COPD Pericardial tamponade |
Paradoxical pulse
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murmur due to a vascular abnormality
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Bruit
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humming vibration detected while palpating
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Thrill
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Large a wave in a JVP
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TS
Hypertrophied RV |
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Gigantic a wave in a JVP
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PAC
Complete heart block |
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No a wave in a JVP
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Atrial fibrillation
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c-v wave in a JVP
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TR
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Slow y descent in a JVP
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TS
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used for low-pitched sounds
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Bell
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used for high-pitched sounds
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Diaphragm
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S1 of increased intensity
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Tachy, short PR
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S1 of decreased intensity
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HF, long PR, & MS
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causes increased splitting
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RBBB, TS
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causes reversed splitting
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LBBB, MS
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inspiration has this effect on split
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increase
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s2, ↑P2:
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Pulm HTN
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s2, ↑A2:
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HTN
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s2, ↓P2:
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PS, R-HF
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s2, ↓A2:
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AS, L-HF
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s2, Fixed split
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asd
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s2, Paradoxical split
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LBBB
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s3
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pregnancy, CHF
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s4 on the left
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CAD, HTN, AS
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s4 on the right
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Pulm HTN, PS
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With AS or dilated Ao you would hear
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AV Ej sound
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With PS or dilated PA you would hear
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PV Ej sound
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Occurs after S1 and before S2
but closer to S2 |
systolic click
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systolic click usually means
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MVP
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the click is delayed & less prominent when patient is
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squatting (more blood in heart)
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the click is most prominent when patient is
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standing (blood leaves the heart)
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murmur intensity scale
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1-6, with 3 being normal or baseline
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Inflammation of the pericardium would be heard as
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sandpaper (friction rub)
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squatting would increase this sound
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↑ AS murmur
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standing would make it easier to hear to diagnose
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hyperCMP sounds
MVP |
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"bearing down" -increases vagal tone
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Valsalva maneuver
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you would use the Valsalva maneuver to help diganose
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MVP
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you would use __ to diagnose MR & AR
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hand grips (increase SVR)
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you would use __ to diagnose MS ansd AS or hyperCMP sounds
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amyl nitrate (decreases SVR)
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